PLEISTOCENE CAVE-DEPOSITS. 113 



regions. Thus M. Kiviere has discovered the remains of the 

 glutton in caves near Mentone, 1 and a lagomys or tailless hare 

 is not uncommon in the hreccias of Corsica and Sardinia. 2 The 

 marmot, which is now confined in the Alps nearly to the borders 

 of perpetual snow, formerly lived, according to Gastaldi, at the 

 foot of the southern slopes of the Moncalieri-Valenza hills, where 

 its remains have been met with on several occasions. 3 The 

 mammoth also at the same time frequented Spain and Central 

 Italy. But the general facies of the mammalian fauna in the 

 ossiferous deposits of Southern Europe is, as we might have 

 expected, rather southern than northern. We miss the reindeer 

 and the musk-sheep, and at the same time encounter certain 

 animals of southern habitat which are either wanting or very 

 rare in the cave-accumulations of North-western Europe. It 

 must be noted, however, that animals which are more or less 

 characteristic of a temperate climate are plentiful. Eed-deer, 

 roe, fallow-deer, ibex, urus, horse, wild-boar, rabbit, cave-bear, 

 brown bear, grisly bear, wolf, fox, etc., were associated in the 

 same region with lion, leopard, lynx, Caffer-cat, serval, hyaena, 

 rhinoceros (Bh. hemitcechus), elephant (E. antiquus and africanus), 

 hippopotamus (H. major and Pentlandt), etc. Although there 

 is nothing, therefore, in the evidence furnished by the caves and 

 breccias of the south that would lead us to infer that the 

 Mediterranean region was ever subject to conditions as cold as 

 those which obtained in Southern France during the Eeindeer 

 period, yet we are not without indications of a less genial climate 

 than the present having formerly prevailed. The presence at 

 low levels in Italy of such animals as tailless hares and marmots, 

 and the occurrence of the glutton at Mentone and the mammoth 

 in Spain and Italy, is in perfect harmony with the appearance 

 of a northern fauna in Southern France. 



The more noted caves, etc., of Southern Europe are those of 



1 Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franc, pour VAvance. des Sciences, Paris, 1878, p. 622 ; 

 Bull. Soc. Oiol. France, 3' Ser. t. vi. p. 621. 



2 Locard : Archiv. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Lyon, 1873. 



" Intorno ad alcuni resti fossili di Arctomys e di Ursus spelceus," Atti B. 

 Accad. Scienze, Torino, 1871. 



I 



