200 PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



are true ground-moraines. 1 In many places the rock upon which 

 the boulder-clay reposes, instead of being smooth and polished, 

 shows a smashed and jumbled surface — precisely similar to that 

 which I have mentioned in connection with the glacial pheno- 

 mena of Scotland. The boulder-clay is, in fact, mixed up with 

 the shattered rock, and in some places appears even to have 

 been intruded between the strata, so as to assume the aspect of 

 an intercalated bed. By far the most remarkable example of 

 these striking phenomena which has yet been described is that 

 of Moens Klint (Denmark). The wonderful exposure of chalk 

 and boulder-clay which appears upon the north-east coast of the 

 island of Moen has long excited the surprise of geologists. The 

 phenomena have been described by Puggaard, and a resume of 

 the chief features of interest is given in Lyell's Antiquity of 

 Man. The island is composed of white chalk, for the most 

 part horizontally bedded, and covered by a series of glacial 

 deposits lying in a similar undisturbed position. But along the 

 north-east coast, where the cliffs reach to a height of 400 feet, 

 the most extraordinary contortions and displacements of the 

 strata are exhibited. The chalk is fissured, dislocated, and dis- 

 placed — twisted, bent, and convoluted from top to bottom, and 

 the boulder-clay partakes of the same disturbance. At one 

 place, according to Lyell, the folds of the strata are " so sharp 

 that there is an appearance of four distinct alternations of the 

 Glacial and Cretaceous formations in vertical or highly-inclined 

 beds ; the chalk at one point bending over, so that the position 

 of all the beds is reversed." 2 Here and there irregular-shaped 

 masses of boulder-clay are actually surrounded on all sides by 

 chalk, and so striking indeed is the behaviour of the boulder- 

 clay that Forchhammer may well be pardoned for having specu- 

 lated upon its eruptive origin. Puggaard was of opinion that all 



1 Two admirable papers (the one by A. Helland, and the other by A. Penck) 

 on the glacial phenomena of Northern German} 7 , etc. , appear in the same volume 

 of the German Geological Society's Journal as that last cited (1879, pp. 63, 117). 

 In these will be found an exhaustive account of all that is known upon this sub- 

 ject, with many interesting proofs of the former existence of the great mer de 

 glace. 2 Antiquity of Man, p. 391, 4th Edit. 



