210 PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



there are similar accumulations met with in some of the valleys 

 in the Black Forest. 1 The moraines and the morainic gravels of 

 the Vosges have been rendered familiar to geologists through 

 the writings of Hogard, Collomb, Benoit, and Grad, 2 from whom 

 we learn that those mountains were formerly covered with 

 perennial snow-fields that nourished many important ice-flows, 

 although, like the Black Forest and the Jura, their valleys now 

 contain no glaciers, nor is there any tradition of their former 

 existence. According to M. Grad, however, temporary glaciers 

 now and again form in the upper cirques of the valleys in the 

 Vosges between 1200 and 1300 metres of elevation. 3 Well- 

 marked moraines are met with in the Carpathian mountains, 

 showing that they also formerly supported ice-streams. Thus 

 Professor Zeuschner 4 has noted the occurrence of moraines in 

 the valley of Biaty Dunajee in the Tatra, and similar phenomena 

 have been observed in the same part of the range by the Austrian 

 Geological Survey. 5 They have been recorded also from the 

 Czerna Hora in the East Carparthians by MM. Paul and 

 Tietze, 6 and from the Theiss Valley by Messrs. B. L. Jack and 

 J. Home, who show that this valley has been filled with a 

 glacier upwards of 45 miles in length. 7 Again, we learn from M. 

 Poliakoff that the Ural Mountains, which were supposed to bear 

 no trace of glacial action, do nevertheless show unmistakable 

 rock-striations, moraines with scratched stones, and erratics. 



de la Soc Helvitique des Sciences Nat. (Porrentruy) 1853, p. 231 ; Bull. Soc. Geol. 

 France, 2 e Ser. t. xx. p. 321. 



1 C. Vogt and Dolfuss-Ausset : Course dans la Forit-Noire en 1846 ; Ramsay : 

 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1862, p. 186 ; Gillieron : Archives des Sciences Phys. et 

 Nat., 1876, p. 32; Platz : Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, etc., 1878, p. 56. 



2 Hogard : Annates de la Soc. d 'Emulation d'jZpinal, 1840, p. 91 ; 1842, p. 

 524 : Bull. Soc. Geol. France, t. ii p. 249. Coup d'CEil sur le Terrain Erratique 

 des Vosges, 1851 ; Collomb : Preuves de V Existence d'Anciens Glaciers dans les 

 Vosges, 1847 ; Benoit : Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 2 e Ser. t. xv. p. 638 ; Bull. Soc. 

 Hist. Nat. de Colmar, 1862 ; Grad : Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 e Ser. t. i. p. 514. 



3 Comptes Rendus de V Acad, des Sci., t. lxxiii. (1871), p. 390. 



4 Sitzungsb. der math, -naturw. Klasse der k. Akad. der Wissen., Bd. xxi. 

 (1856), p. 259. 



5 F. von Hauer : Geologic der bsterr.-ungar. Monarchic, p. 122. 



6 Verh. der k.-k. geol. Beichsanstalt, 1876, p. 296 ; Ibid., 1877, p. 85 ; Ibid. 

 1878, p. 142. ' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii. p. 673. 



