2i 4 PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



developed in the Val d'Arni. 1 Professor Moro has likewise 

 given an admirable account of the ancient glacier that formerly- 

 occupied the valley of the Serchio and covered a large part of 

 Tuscany.' 2 Even in the Apennines proper it would seem that 

 glaciers have formerly existed, Sig. Ferrero having noted the 

 occurrence in the vicinity of Monte Majella of moraines, glacial 

 lakes, and huge erratics. 3 That similar relics of the Ice Age 

 will yet be discovered in other mountainous regions of our con- 

 tinent which have not been particularly examined may be 

 confidently expected. 



The Terek-thal and other valleys of the Caucasus, as we learn 

 from M. Abich, 4 were formerly occupied by very considerable 

 glaciers ; and, according to Palgrave, the mountains in the pro- 

 vinces of Trebizond and Erzeroum likewise nourished glaciers 

 of no mean size. 5 Coming farther south we find similar traces 

 of former ice-action in the Lebanon — the famous cedars, as Dr. 

 Hooker tells us, 6 growing upon old moraines ; and on reading 

 the accounts given by travellers in other parts of Asiatic Turkey, 

 one cannot help surmising that in the mountain-regions of those 

 countries glacial phenomena are probably more abundantly 

 developed than is at present supposed. 7 



1 Rendiconti del Reale Istituto Lombardo, t. v. p. 733 ; Atti Soc. Bail. Sci. Nat., 

 t. xv. p. 133 ; Geologia d' Italia, pte. 2 a , p. 127. 



2 It gran Ghiaccio delta Toscana, 1872 ; see also Stefani, Boll. R. Com. Oeol. 

 d' Italia, 1874, p. 86 ; Ibid., 1875, p. 1. 



3 Antico Ghiacciajo delta Majella, 1862. 



* Mem. de I' Acad, des Sci. de St. Petersb., 6 Ser. t. vii. p. 515 ; Etudes sur les 

 Glaciers actuels et anciennes du Caucasus, Tiflis, 1870 ; Bull, de t'Acad. Imp. des 

 Sciences de St. Petersb., 1871, p. 245. See also Freshfield's Travels in the Central 

 Caucasus and Bashan. 



5 Nature, vols. v. p. 444 ; vi. p. 536. 



• Nat. Hist. Review, Jan. 1862. 



7 The Rev. E. J. Davies, in Life in Asiatic Turkey, makes frequent reference 

 to the occurrence of dome-shaped smoothed rock -surfaces, observed by him in the 

 mountainous district of Marash. In one place (p. Ill) he says : " After an hour's 

 riding over rocky slopes of this kind (described as ' sheets of smooth limestone 

 lying at a considerable inclination ' ), we entered a district of stiff yellow clay, 

 tenacious as pitch, and filled with great angular pieces of black lava, which rang 

 like metal under the horses' feet. Into this pudding-like mass of tenacious clay, 

 mud, and stones, the horses plunged up to the knees, at times up to the belly." 

 Can this be a boulder-clay of glacial origin ? 



