LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xvii 



via. PAGE 



57. Graham Island, 1831 198 



58. Beehive Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Colorado 201 



59. Marble Column from Temple of Jupiter Serapis .... 207 



60. Strata deposited in a basin 214 



61. Strata thrown into a basin-shape 214 



62. Section from Abingdon to the Isle of Wight 215 



63. Fossil fruit {Nipadites ellipticus) from the London clay, 



Sheppey 230 



64. Microscopic section of diatomaceous deposit, Mourne Moun- 



tains, Ireland 231 



65. Section of coal measures 235 



66. Sligmaria ficoides ; a coal measure fossil 236 



67. Sigillaria attached to stigmarian roots 237 



68. Cuboidal block of coal split along natural planes .... 238 



69. Microscopic section of Better Bed coal, Yorkshire . . . 239 



70. Caryopliyllia Smithii, a coral-polype from the coast of Devon- 



shire 250 



71. Diagi-ammatic section of a single cup-coral, to show the 



general structure of the polype, and the relation of the 



skeleton to the soft parts 251 



72. Thccopsammia socialis, Pourtales 252 



73. Diagrammatic section of an island surrounded by a fringing- 



reef 258 



74. Diagrammatic section of an island surrounded by a barrier- 



reef, with intervening lagoon 258 



75. Diagrammatic section of a coral island, or atoll 258 



76. 77. Deep-sea sounding apparatus used by the Challenger . . 262 



78. Section of the Atlantic sea-bed between Newfoundland and 



Ireland 264 



79. Globigerlna bidloides, D'Orb. ; Orbulina universd, D'Orb. ; 



a coccosphere ; a coccolith, two views 265 



80. Section exposed in Cannon Street, London, 185 1 .... 275 



81. Map of the Valley of the Thames, between Kingston and 



Woolwich 279 



82. Section across the Valley of the Wandle, showing high-level 



gravels and valley-gravel 280 



b 



