14 OLDHAM : GEOLOGY OF MANIPUH- AND NAGA HILL.?. 



whose surfaces lie in the same continuous slope with that of the two* 

 larger remnants already described. From here the deposit continues to 

 the junction of the stream flowing* nrrth of Mima with the Zullo, where- 

 it forms a broad flat surface that ends by sinking* abruptly into the bed of 

 the Zullo river; but even this is by no means its original limit, for, 

 stretching down the valley as far as the eye can reach, a distance of at 

 least four miles, there is a terrace evidently the remains of an old detrital 

 deposit once continuous with that I have traced from the head of the 

 Mizir valley, thus giving it an original extension of at least twelve miles, 

 the greater part of which has been derived from an area of about three 

 square miles; for on whatever theory we account for its origin, it is 

 improbable that any great proportion was derived from the spurs to 

 the east of the upper tertiary 'boundary, which, too, it is impossible 

 to conceive as having served as collectors of snow from which so large 

 a glacier could have been fed. 



31. This extent of the deposit is in itself sufficient to preclude a 

 Evidence of non-gla- g lacial origin for it, but there are not wanting 

 cial origin. other facts equally if not more cogent, and all 



pointing in the same direction. Thus we have deposits precisely similar 

 to those already described, and to which we must attribute the same cause 

 of origin which are found, e.g., in the Zumha valley, at a height of about 

 2 500 feet above the sea ; and though some may be willing to believe that 

 o-laciers have descended to a level of 5,000 feet in these latitudes, there 

 are I fancy, very few capable of such an effort of faith as to accept the 

 possibility of glaciers having descended to within 2,500 feet of the sea 

 level within three degrees of the tropics, at any rate as long as any other 

 explanation is possible. Nor do the gorges by which the drainage from 

 the hills round Japvo escapes show any signs of glacial action ; in that 

 of the Mizir, which is the most open, so much so that the word gorge is 

 hardly applicable, we have near its termination a low sharp-crested spur 

 of solid rock, which from its shape can never have been subjected to the 

 orinding of a glacier, running across the valley right up to the present 

 bed of the stream; those of the other streams, e.g., theGaziarur (Kerhur- 

 ( 230 ) 



