.S 
» BY WHICH THE VINE IS INFESTED: | 171 
ancient as well as the modern Janguages furnish only general denomina- 
tions, common to several objects or species, and are consequently ex- 
tremely vague, a single word being employed to designate beings of very 
different natures. Scholars, grammarians, and lexicographers frequently 
add error to-the confusion by their false distinctions, and sometimes 
the prodigious erudition of modern commentators increases the difficulty 
still more. 
The true method of acquiring a complete and exact idea of the no- 
tions represented by each of the names we seek to explain appears to 
be this; to examine all the texts in which these names are employed, 
and afterwards to endeavour to remove the obscurity of the various 
meanings which have been assigned to them when they haye been em- 
ployed in different significations. By this method we can establish our 
opinions and conjectures upon the ancient texts with security, and with- 
out being exposed to the danger, to which we often yield without per- 
ceiving it, and sometimes even consciously, of selecting from the an- 
eient authors only such passages as support our interpretations and 
systems, while we keep out of sight all those whieh are in opposition te 
‘them. 
II. List of the Names of Insects injurious to the Vine mentioned 
by the Ancients——-The following are all the names of insects infesting 
the vine, or mentioned in connexion with it, that I have been able to 
discover in ancient authors: 
1. Thola, Tholea or Tholaat. 9. 
. 2, Gaza. 10. 
3. Ips. 11. 
“4, Iks. 
5. Spondyle or Sphondyle. 12. 
6. Cantharis. _ 13. 
7. Phteire or Phteira. 14. 
8. Kampé. 15. 
Joulos or Julus. 
Biurus or Bythurus. 
Involvolus, Involvulus, Invol- 
vus. 
Convolvulus. 
Volvox. 
Volucra. 
Eruca. 
III. List of the Authors in whom the above Names are found, and whose 
texts are explained in these Researches.—The following are the authors in 
whom the names above mentioned are found, and who will consequently 
receive some explanation in this dissertation : 
The Bible. Cicero. Ammonius. 
Homer. Strabo. Herodian (the gram- 
_ Ctesias. Pliny. marian). 
Aleman. Columella. Festus. 
Aristotle. Athenzus. Suidas. 
Theophrastus. Origen. . _ Hesychius. 
~~ Plautus. St. John Chrysostom. -Eustathius. 
Cato. - St. Epiphamius. Philo. 
