= BY WHICH THE VINE IS INFESTED. + 175 
» The expositors of the Bible are divided in opinion upon the significa- 
tion of the words Jelek and Chazil, but are all agreed upon that of thé 
word Arbeh. There can be no doubt that a locust is signified by 
this word. The Chaldee Version, the Septuagint, and the Vulgate, all 
agree in their rendering of those passages of the Bible in which this 
word is found. The Arbeh is the first of the four species of insects, or 
creeping animals, named by Moses as proper for the food of man; and 
Forskael informs us that the Arabs at the present day give the name of 
Arbeh to the species of locust which is used among them for food. Now 
we know from Joel that what the Gaza leaves the Arbeh destroys ; we 
are therefore entitled to conclude with certainty that Gaza was the 
name of an insect not only particularly destructive to the vine, but-also 
to plants of every kind; and that to its ravages succeeded those of se- 
yeral species of locusts, which consumed all that was left undevoured 
by this formidable insect. Several learned expositors have considered 
this insect to be a caterpillar, while others of equal authority have de- 
cided it to be a sort of creeping locust. We shall consider this point 
upon another occasion ; but at present, faithful to the plan we have 
traced for our guidance, having exhausted what the Hebrews have writ- 
ten upon the insects destructive of the vine, we shall pass to the Greeks. 
VI. Ips, Iks.—I shall treat of these two words in one article, because, 
as will be seen, they cannot be separately considered. 
. The word Jps is used in ancient authors as the name of an insect par- 
ticularly injurious to the vine; but it is also employed by Homer, St. 
John Chrysostom, and the lexicographers and grammarians of the lower 
ages, to denote an insect or worm which preys upon horn; and in 
these two acceptations this word cannot denote a worm properly so called, 
which has another name in the Greek language. 
’ We will first consider the Ips of Homer. 
This word is employed in the Odyssey, book xxi. verse 295, in ond 
Ulysses, who is not yet recognised by his friends, is represented as re- 
ceiving his terrible bow. The poet says, “‘The hero takes the bow, exa- 
mines it with attention, and turns it in every direction, fearing that in 
the absence of its master the horn might have been injured by the Ips. “ 
- To ascertain what species of horn was subject to the attacks of the 
Ips of Homer, we must discover the animal the horns of which were em: 
ployed in the time of Homer in the construction of bows of the best 
quality, such as were suitable for a king like Ulysses. Upon this 
point Homer himself gives us information: in the Iliad, book iv. v. 105, 
we read that the bow of the divine Pandarus was made of the horns of 
the Aigos, or the Aigagrus or wild goat; that its horns were five feet 
four inches in length; and that after being polished and united with care 
by a skilful workman or extremities were gilt. 
