122 IMAGES AND NAMES. 



expression of spite towards their originals^ but tlien two rival 

 gods may be knocked together when their oracles disagree, 

 that the one which breaks first may be discarded, and here a 

 material connection must certainly be supposed to exist. To 

 the most difficult class belong the symbolic sacrifices of models 

 of men and animals in Italy and Greece, and the economical 

 paper-offerings of Eastern Asia. The Chinese perform the rite 

 of burning money and clothes for the use of the dead; but the 

 real things are too valuable to be wasted by a thrifty people, 

 so paper figures do duty for them. Thus they set burning 

 junks adrift as sacrifices to get a favourable wind, but they are 

 only paper ones. Perhaps the neatest illustration of this kind 

 of offerings, and of the state of mind in which the offerer makes 

 them, is to be found in Hue and Gabet's story of the Tibetan 

 lamas, who sent horses flying from the mountain-top in a gale 

 of wind, for the relief of worn-out pilgrims who could get no 

 further on their way. The horses were bits of paper, with a 

 horse printed on each, saddled, bridled, and galloping at full 

 speed.^ 



Hanging and burning in effigy is a proceeding which, in 

 civilized countries at any rate, at last comes fairly out into pure 

 symbolism. The idea that the burning of the straw and rag 

 body should act upon the body of the original, perhaps hardly 

 comes into the mind of any one who assists at such a perform- 

 ance. But it is not easy to determine how far this is the case 

 with the New Zealanders, whose minds are full of confusion 

 between object and image, as we may see by their witchcraft, 

 and who also hold strong views about their effigies, and fero- 

 ciously revenge an insult to them. One very curious practice 

 has come out of their train of thought about this matter. They 

 were very fond of wearing round their necks little hideous 

 figures of green jade, with their heads very much on one side, 

 which are called tiki, and are often to be seen in museums. 

 It seems Hkely that they are merely images of Tiki, the god of 

 the dead. They are carried as memorials of dead friends, and 

 are sometimes taken off and wept and sung over by a circle of 

 natives ; but a tiki commonly belongs, not to the memory of a 

 ' Hue and Gabet, Voy. dans la Tartaric, etc; Paris, 1850, vol. ii. j). 136. 



