58 



THE ANATOMY OF VERTEBEATED ANIMALS. 



the plates the same, being inferioi* in Torpedo, where the 

 laniellEe are disposed parallel to the upper and under sui-f aces 

 of the body ; posterior in Gymnotiis, and anterior in Malap- 

 terurus, the lamellae being disposed perpendicularly to the 

 axis in these two fishes. And this surface, when the dis- 

 charge takes place, is always negative to the other. 



Fig. 18. 



Fig 18.— The Torpedo, with its electrical apparatus displayed.— 6, 

 branchias ; c, brain ; e, electric organ ; g, cranium ; m e, spinal cord : 

 n, nerves to the pectoral fins ; nl, nurvi laterales ; vp, branches of 

 the pneumogastric nerves going to the electric organ ; o, eye. 



In Torpedo the nerves of the electrical organs proceed 

 from the fifth pair, and from the " electric lobe " of the 

 medulla oblongata, which appears to be developed at the 

 origin of the pneumogastrics. In the other electrical fishes 



