412 THE ANATOMY OP VEETEBRATED ANIMALS. 



The ZoNARiA. 1. The Caenivoea. — In this order the 

 head, relatively to the body, is of moderate or small size; 

 and hair is abundant. 



The cervical vertebrae are free and tmankylosed, and their 

 centra are elongated. The odontoid process of the second 

 is well developed. The dorso-lumbar vertebrsB are almost 

 always twenty in number, rarely twenty-one or nineteen. 

 The number of dorsal and lumbar vertebrae, respectively, 

 varies between sixteen dorsal and four lumbar, and thir- 

 teen dorsal and seven lumbar. The dorso-lumbar vertebrae 

 are always articulated together by their zygapophyses, and 

 there is a complete sacrum. 



The stemebrse are numerous and laterally compressed. 



In the skull the nasal bones are well developed, and have 

 the ordinary form. When supraorbital enlargements of the 

 frontal exist, they are of moderate size. The parietals unite 

 in a long sagittal suture. The orbit and the temporal 

 fossa communicate freely, the posterior boundary of the 

 orbit never beiag completed by bone. The jugal bone is 

 large and unites by a broad surface with the maxilla. There 

 is a distinct coronoid process, and the long axis of the 

 articular surface which receives the head of the mandible 

 is transverse. 



The hyoid has a small body and many -jointed anterior 

 comua. 



Both paii's of Hmbs are fuUy developed, and the tail is not 

 provided with a horizontal fin. Clavicles may be absent, 

 and, when ossified, they do not occupy more than half the 

 interval between the acromion and the sternum. The 

 scapula has a distinct spine, and a large supra-spinous fossa. 



Neither the hallux nor the pollex are opposable. The 

 carpal and tarsal bones have the ordinary number and 

 arrangement ; except that, in the carpus, the scaphoid and 

 lunare are united into one bone. The terminal phalanges 

 of the digits, which never fall below four in number, are 

 almost always provided with sharp and pointed claws. 



The teeth are always distinguishable into incisors, canines 

 and molars ; they are lodged in distinct sockets, and their 



