THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE CTNOMOEPHA. 471 



articulating more largely witli the humerus than in the 

 higher Apes. The neck of the radius (between the head and 

 the bicipital tuberosity) fits more closely to the ulna, and 

 hence the movements of pronation and supination are 

 restricted. 



There are nine bones in the carpus. The pisiforme is 

 much elongated, making a sort of heel for the manus. To- 

 gether with the cuneiforme, it furnishes an articular face 

 for the ulna. The distal articular surface of the trapezium 

 is saddle-shaped, and the poUex is usually complete, though 

 short relatively to the other digits. In Colobus it is rudi- 

 mentary. 



The pelvis is long and narrow. The ilia are narrow bones 

 with mxich-excavated posterior and outer faces. Their 

 crests generally lie opposite the transverse processes of the 

 penultimate lumbar vertebra. The long axis of the ilium 

 and that of the anterior ramus of the puljis cut one another 

 nearly at a right angle ; while the long axis of the ilium 

 and that of the posterior ramiis of the ischium lie nearly in 

 one straight line. The symphysis pubis is very long, and 

 the subpubic arch correspondingly reduced. The posterior 

 ends of the ischia are everted, broad and rough, for the 

 attachment of the callous pads of integument. The femur 

 has a roimd ligament. The tarsus has not more than one- 

 third the length of the foot. The calcaneal process is flat- 

 tened from side to side, and has a ptilley-like excavation 

 upon its posterior extremity. The tibial facet of the astra- 

 galus is inclined slightly inwards, as well as upwards, and 

 its outer edge is raised. The distal division of the tarsus, 

 consisting of the cuboid and navicular, with the cunei- 

 form, bones, is capable of a considerable amount of rotatory 

 motion upon the astragalus and the calcaneum. The ento- 

 cuneiform bone is large, and has a transversely-convex 

 articxilar surface foi- the metatarsal of the hallux. Conse- 

 quently the latter (which is short, reaching to only about 

 the middle of the proximal phalanx of the second digit) is 

 capable of free motion in abduction and adduction. 



In the Cynomor^pha, and even in the so-called " tail-less " 



