476 THE ANATOMY OF VEETEBEATED ANIMALS. 



broad and flat. Tlie arms are so long that the points of 

 the fingers readily touch the ground when the animal stands 

 upright, as it very readily and commonly does. The 

 Gibbons also run with great swiftness, putting the sole of 

 the foot flat on the ground and balancing themselves with 

 their long arms. Nevertheless, they are essentially arboreal 

 animals, leaping from bough to bough of the trees in the 

 forests which they frequent with marvellous force and 

 precision. The manus is longer than the pes, and the ante- 

 brachium considerably longer than the brachium. The 

 Gibbons do not exceed three feet in height ; their heads 

 are small, and their bodies and limbs remarkably slender. 



None of the other Anthropomorpha have callosities, and 

 the nails of aU the digits are flattened. They are all heavier 

 in make, with proportionally shorter limbs and larger heads 

 than the Gibbons. In the Orangs, which rarely attain a 

 statiire of more than four feet and a half, the ai-ms are very 

 long, theii" span, when outstretched, being nearly double the 

 height of the animal. The brachium and the antebrachium 

 are eqxial in length. The long and naiTow pes is longer 

 than the equally-naiTow manus, and the sole cannot be 

 placed flat upon the ground, but the animal rests upon the 

 outer edge of the foot when it assumes the erect posture. 

 This posture, however, is quite unnatural, and the Orangs 

 cannot nin as the Gibbons do, but swing themselves along 

 upon their long arms, as it were upon crutches. 



The polles and the hallux are both short, the latter 

 remarkably so; and the hallux is not imcommonly devoid 

 of a nail. The palmai' and plantar aspects of the digits 

 are naturally concave, and they cannot be completely 

 straightened. 



The Chimpanzee attains a stature somewhat greater than 

 that of the average Orang. The span of the arms is about 

 half as much again as the height. The antebrachium is 

 about as long as the brachium. The manus is equal to, or 

 a little longer than, the pes ; and these parts of the limbs 

 are not so elongated, or so curved, as the con-esponding parts 

 of the Orang. The sole can be readily placed flat upon the 



