THE ANTHEOPOMOEPHA. 477 



ground, and the Chimpanzee easily stands or runs erect. 

 But his favourite attitude is leaning forward and supporting 

 himself on the knuckles of the manus. Both the hallux and 

 the poUex are well developed and possess nails. 



The Gorilla exceeds five feet in height and may reach 

 five feet six inches. The span is to the height as about 

 three to two. The brachium is much longer than the ante- 

 brachium. The pes is longer than the manus, and both 

 are much broader than in the other Anthropomorpha. In 

 consequence of this circumstance and of the greater develop- 

 ment of the heel, the erect posture is easily maintained, but 

 the ordinary attitude is the same as that assumed by the 

 Chimpanzee. The hallux and the poUex have weU-deve- 

 loped nails. The basal phalanges of the three middle 

 digits of the foot are bound together by the integument. 



With respect to the skeleton in the Anthropomorpha, the 

 Gibbons have the spinal column nearly straight, with 

 a very open vertebro-sacral angle. In the Orangs the 

 dorsolumbar vetebrse form a curve, which is nearly as 

 much concave forwards as in a new-bom child. In the 

 Chimpanzee the spinal column begins to exhibit the 

 curvatures which are characteristic of the adult human 

 subject ; and these are still more marked in the GoriUa.. 



The spinous process of the second cervical vertebra is 

 bifurcated in the Chimpanzee, but this human character 

 does not appear in the others. 



In the Gibbons there ai-e usually eighteen dorsolumbar 

 vertebrae ; but in the other Anthropomorpha the number is 

 ordinarily seventeen, as in Man, or may be reduced to 

 sixteen. The Orang has the human number of twelve 

 pairs of ribs ; but the Chimpanzee and GoriUa have thirteen, 

 and the Gibbons may possess fourteen pairs of ribs. The 

 thorax is wide, and the sternum bi'oad and flat. In the 

 Orang it may ossify from a double longitudinal series of 

 centres, as sometimes happens in Man. 



In the Gibbons the transverse processes of the last lumbar 

 vertebra are not exceptionally broad, and do not unite with 

 the ilia. But in both the Chimpanzee and Gorilla they 



