494 THE ANATOMY OF VERTEBUATED ANIMALS. 



smaller tlian tlie male. These differences become more 

 marked at, and siibsequent to, puberty ; and are seen in tbe 

 smaller stature of tbe female, tbe larger size of the head 

 in proportion to the stature, the shorter thorax, the longer 

 abdomen, and the shorter legs ; so that the middle point of 

 the stature of the female is nearer the umbilicus than in 

 the male. The hips are wider in proportion to the shoul- 

 ders, whence the femora are more oblique. The lidges and 

 muscular processes of all the bones are less marked, and 

 the frontal contoiu* of the skull is more sharply angulated. 

 When the peculiarities of the female sex are not connected 

 with reproduction, they may be said to be infantile. 



The different persistent modifications' or " races " of man- 

 kind present a very considerable amount of <v'ai-iation in their 

 anatomical characteristics. The colour of the skin varies 

 from a very pale reddish brown — of the so-called " white " 

 races — through aU shades of yellow and red browns, to olive 

 and chocolate, which may be so dark as to look black. 



The hail" differs much in its character, having sometimes 

 a circular, sometimes an oval or flattened transverse section, 

 and presenting all varieties, from extreme length and 

 straightness to short, crisp wool. 



The hair on the scalp is longer than that elsewhere ; and 

 it is very often, but not always, longer in the female. Hair 

 upon the face and body is scanty in most races, and almost 

 absent, except in the eyebrows, in some ; but in others it 

 becomes greatly developed over the lips, chin, and sides of 

 the face, on the thorax, abdomen, and pubes, in the axillae, 

 and sometimes, though more rarely, upon the rest of the 

 body and limbs. When hair is developed upon the limbs 

 the points of the hairs of the arm and fore arm slope 

 towards the elbow, and those of the leg and thigh away 

 from the knee, as in the Anthropomorplia. 



Enormous accumulations of fat take place upon the but- 

 tocks of the Bosjesmen, especially in the females ; and the 

 nymphsB of these and some other Negroid tribes become 

 greatly elongated. 



It ax^pears that in some of the lower races, e.g., Negroes 



