2 34 The Races of the Danube. [xi. 



Southern Gaul. This connection between eastern 

 and western Protestanism, though generally forgotten 

 now, was well understood at the time. Matthew Paris 

 states that the Albigensians possessed a pope of their 

 own, whose seat of government was in Bosnia, and 

 who kept a vicar residing in Carcassonne. By ortho- 

 dox writers the western heretics were quite frequently 

 termed " Bulgares," — a designation which became in- 

 vested with the vilest opprobrium, — and a glance at 

 the principal Bogomilian doctrines shows that the 

 relationship was asserted on valid grounds. Like the 

 Manichaeans generally, the Bogomiles held that the 

 Devil exists independent of the will of the good God, 

 and was the creator of this evil world, which it is the 

 work of Christ to redeem from his control. They 

 accepted as inspired the New Testament, with the 

 Psalms and Prophets, but set little store by the his- 

 torical books of the Old Testament, and rejected the 

 Mosaic writings as dictated by Satan. They denied 

 any mystical efficiency to baptism, and laughed at 

 the doctrine of transubstantiation, maintaining that 

 the consecrated wafer is in nowise different from 

 ordinary bread. Some of them are said to have neg- 

 lected baptism altogether. They regarded image- 

 worship as no better than heathen idolatry, and they 

 paid no repect to the symbol of the cross, asking, 



