Crawrorp.— Geology of the North Island of New Zealand. 309 
markings, or seams of carbonaceous substances. Organisms are found at 
Porirua and at Oriental Bay, near Wellington, where they seem to indicate 
a mesozoie age; but they are in both cases too obscure to found a theory 
upon, and we must await the discovery of more distinct specimens before 
drawing decided conclusions. 
Thin seams of an impure graphite are found at a great variety of places 
—on the Pitone Road near Wellington, at the Mungaroa Hill, at various 
points on the Rimutaka Mountains, in the mountain part of the valleys of 
the Waiohine, the Waingawa, and the Ruamahunga, in the Waikanae, the 
Akatarewa, and particularly in the upper part of the Otaki valleys. 
The inclination of these old rocks is very great, from 45? to vertieal (on 
an average perhaps 70°). They must have been folded by great lateral 
pressure; and at various points on the south coast, particularly between 
Wellington Harbour and the Wairarapa Valley, there are excellent examples 
of contorted strata. 
These rocks are freely jointed, and consequently break readily into 
angular fragments. They are therefore, in general, unfit for building 
purposes. 
To the eastward of the main chain, a parallel range of paleozoic rocks 
rises from Cape Palliser to an elevation of about 3,000 feet above the sea ; 
but at or about the latitude of the Pahaoa River its paleozoic rocks pass 
beneath the tertiaries, with the exception of a few insignificant ridges, which 
may be seen further to the northward. To all appearance no paleozoic 
rocks are found along the same line further north than the Kaiwhata River, 
on the eastern side of the Wellington Province, nor in those parts of the 
Provinces of Auckland and Hawke Bay which lie to the eastward of the 
main paleozoic range. The continuation in the South Island of similar 
rocks to those of the main range is said by Dr. Haast to lie between the 
Wairau and the Awatere. 
To the westward, the first great upward undulation of the palzozoic 
rocks is found in the Kaimanawa range—the “heart-eater.” This range 
commences its rise from beneath marine tertiaries and voleanic deposits to 
the eastward, and about ten miles from the base of Ruapehu, assumes an 
elevation of 5,000 feet opposite Lake Taupo, and passes in a N.N.E. direction 
towards the Bay of Plenty, under the subsequent names of Te Whaiti or 
Whakatane range. In the maps, Ruahine is generally made to curve to the 
westward, to meet the Kaimanawa range. This is incorrect, and gives a false 
view of the topography of the country. Kaimanawa is parallel to Ruahine 
or its successors, not continuous with them ; nor do they curve to the west- 
ward towards it. 
Passing further to the eastward, the paleozoic ranges are found at 
