CaupPBELL.—JDraininj of Towns. 91 
Sheerness, Aldershot Camp, and Halstead ; at the last-named place, the 
Surveyor asserts that it pays for collection. In Halifax, in Yorkshire, it has 
been worked for five years by the Gough Company ; at first, at the rate of 
5s. per closet per annum for a period, and then 12s. per closet, including 
the collection of ashes. The Corporation offered an additional subsidy of 
50 per cent. when the contract ended, in order to induce the Company to 
continue the working of the system. The Town Corporation, however, have 
now purchased the plant for £3,500, and work the system themselves. Some 
3,000 closets are in use, representing 18,000 of the inhabitants. The popu- 
lation, in 1871, was 65,510, when the death-rate, which had been rapidly 
increasing, amounted to the alarming height of 31-5 per 1,000 ; but it has 
now been reduced to 24-1 per 1,000. The raw manure is sold at 11s. per 
ton at the Gough depóts. The Gough Company also make a more portable 
manure, like leaf mould, which is sent out in bags to any part of Yorkshire 
at £4 per ton, including bags and carriage ; ashes, charcoal, soot, and 
gypsum being added to form this manure. 
The priee of the closets, in duplicate, with lieense to use them, is 
40 shillings. 
At Manchester and Salford, the pail closets have a cinder-sifter attached 
to them. The sifter is so arranged that the fine ash falls into the pail, 
while the cinders fall into a bucket, to be used again as fuel. 
In Salford, the patent of Mr. C. Morrell is used, the builders pur- 
chasing the working closet from the Sanitary and Economie Manure Com- 
pany, the cost of application, either to new premises or the reconstruction 
of old closets, varying from £4 to £6 10s. per closet, including apparatus. 
About 1,000 closets are in use. The collecting per 1,000 is done by two 
and a-half horses and twelve men. The annual quantity of manure collected 
is 8,900 tons. The total expenditure for this is stated to be £1,117,including 
manufacture, so that, when the manure is sold at 5s. 6d. per ton, the 
expenditure is recouped. 
The earth-closets invented by the Rev. H. Moule are largely used in 
establishments such as schools, barracks, hospitals, and also in the village 
of Halton, in Buckinghamshire, and at the Broadmoor Asylum they have 
been used for seven years. 
Other forms, invented by Dr. Bond, Messrs. Moser and Gibson, are 
worthy of mention, and have each their advantages. 
The Moule Earth-Closet Company states that three pounds of earth is 
required for each person per diem, but four and a-half pounds is probably 
the usual amount used. 
