82 Transactions.— Miscellaneous. 
From particulars stated by Messrs. Taylor, Mason, and Pearce, the 
following table has been constructed :— 
Cost per Head. Cost of Manure, per Ton. 
For collectin Do., including 
Ash and * Manufacture Raw. Manufactured. 
Manure, of e 
SRS TTR tae 
8. d. Eum 82a; bn d ; 
Rochdale ae $a xs l8 2 94 4 *11 10 
Halifax.. z is € *2—0 
Salford.. e E = 3 5 
4 4 4 23 5T 
* Approximate. 
In estimating the amount of pail sewage to be removed, one pound may 
be taken for each individual per diem, or three and a-half hundredweight 
per annum, and five hundredweight including ash and refuse. About ten 
with five or six per cent. of ammonia; so that 62 persons would produce 
one ton of such manure, and, in such a concentrated form as this, it 
would be sure to command a market, 
In these dry systems, the slop water is taken from the sinks by four or 
six-inch pipes into the road drains; or, where there is a garden, it should 
be conducted into & blind drain composed of open-jointed porous pipes 
two inches in diameter, to form a mode of intermittent filtration, a system 
which has been found to be most efficacious in dealing with water-carried 
sewage. 
The first outlay in the adoption of one of these dry or pail systems is 
not large, which forms the great inducement for towns to adopt them ; there 
is also the benefit of an easily manufactured manure that might be made to 
cover the cost of maintenance. à 
B. In the second division We will consider the various kinds of water- 
carriage systems. 
The first use made of this method of removing sewage was to conduct 
the whole into cess-pits, or vertical shafts, lined when necessary with bricks 
laid without mortar. This was only an enlarged phase of the old midden 
pits, and open to the same objection. They require to be emptied 
periodically, causing an intolerable nuisance; and sometimes, as in the 
case of Sevenoaks, Kent (population 4,250), the whole town was drained into 
two or three large cess-pits, whieh overflowed when surcharged by storm 
water. The subsoil was thus contaminated to such an extent, that almost 
all towns in England similarly sewered into cess-pits, are endeavouring to 
abolish them. 
