| 
a Dee irs Tepi S r A aa 
THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
319 
. Wheat cannot be 
the surface. This is 
are ‘nian as it shows ory Gf the soil a 
and porous state, as in, the best Wheat [i in Scotland ` may be de fin ed to consi sist of a line drawn 
the 
ierough drained 
APRIL 7, 1860. ] PEER LS os: 
that ~ this chan ge would require. When a throw much light on the subject. At present I} the Wheat region, even though the temperature of the 
expense of straw is about to be made this} be rpose to offer a few remarks on the Donn E oi so me e| air rather indicates him to be beyond it 
purchase hould not be forgotten. If it be good are aware that thorough drainage and shelter 
view i lay, chalk, sand, aire and so on, accord- | Seotland. | mprore the climate, as it is termed; and numerous 
to apply Kutt it must be soo od to vary the Tht] itication of al 1 crops it is of | littl ld be bonnet out where Wheat now forms one 
mg a ine p straw ina a reread hat the t t of the of ~~ staple crops, where formerly its growth was 
amta niche paek athe: f the aiet e” precarious, and it only a penae in favourable 
ates jae , qui ite different differ e ground Hering t that pia D be ‘elie ie with hard en 5 What has been doue in one place may be 
F ined soils. Analytical yal 3 fa avonred o fro and co d with ice and sn now, or whether it be doni ne H oy u the districts of Scotland where the 
epee results of what 100 or 1000 p ree th rain and enjoy a mode rable ; for there are few ley elo or gen tly un- 
Whee and Barley straw have yielded, a: y have | rarely bel v the ring. point. t 700 
fold us that as this is so, heat or Barley straw requires toag many parts of the | United States ci all po of elevati ion \ above the sea in the pak sss inal 
But this is uggestive than conclusive. a he with hard frosts, ice, | midland counties, gradually sinking to 200 feet in the 
tt ould be folly to accept the theory that b et te r five or six aie every a ar, aS good or | northerr wv heat may not be grown as 
“A of vegetation or nimal substance possessed | better Wh eal is raised there as in Britain, ll the ja regular crop, prov vided the ground pe thorough 
sample ston sti at ents in given proportions, the same sorts | w oro is oe so zonen ah the pee is rar ayi in- draine ed 1 and sufficiently | sheltered. Few s 
“mst con the same classes and gg nero of | terrupte ed abov oe zo continuously. a he tempe 
r wit nimals would thrive equally w ell on a |country lik abd just on aei ery v ong as land is in an undrained and damp 
wee of kinds of ature admits of this. So it | limit of the Wheat it is of very great jinpostance pruvà pi evaporation of water goes on from it, and 
it corn crops, and especia the straw of them. to ascertain what that pask of temperature is which | the first and immediate effect of this evaporation is 
ieat a collection of fertilisers in the shape of straw will render it profitable to cu ninata Wheat, as it isa | the production of cold, cold to the amount of 
ZN g ona containing no earth but fin kno wn fact that thorougl rainage and ' improved 1? ° Fahr. according to the pness of the 
clay as will gro a soil principally made up of sili- helte: te “of 1 many districts | land. Any one may convince himself of this simple 
cates, A dressi one earth on another earth does that Wheat can now be re g ne gio and profitably = fact by looking at Mason’s Hygrometer. This instru- 
more good than b; merely altering its physical charac- | where a few years ago it wonld not ripen, or only do so | ment consists simpl two ordinary the eters, 
ter, This is proved by the facts that application | in favourable seasons. one of which has its bulb covered with muslin, which is 
of chalk will hg entirely fa taken up in the course of In Scotland the months of June, July, and Anguak 9 are | kept constantly wet, while the other is in its natural 
time by the that follow : also by the exhaustion | those within pce Wheat shoots into ear, state and is dry. ring the months of June, July, 
of clay when applied t o moor or fen soils, and so on. Pe its seed, andis es it pries efore unnecessary jand August, the wet bap thermometer indicates a 
Therefore as ter of soils is changed | t any o er months temperature from 4° colder than the dry bulb 
by thein  physion cal opposites, and as straw contains some der tion when end from x the meteor and this iş Ba the difference of tempe; 
of the meni ele ments of the soils it grew on, what observations of rm last three years wet an 
can be m worthy ry to brin; vor rgi A ot thus ng the wet rei a ind = once the land , fro 
tion, ko these elements are so easily made soluble, | fection. The maine instructive tabia ihe result of having a Jow ; temperature similar to the wet bulb 
and when sundered are available ir r. gaip enterin, ng observations made at different station assumes a wa 
my repesdnetian? This point c to be the last | during the cars 1857, _ and 1859, sho D that of he dry bulb the rmometer ; and the arr 
n this part of our subject, but it is o8 the hua W. r temperature of the air eet above- the is, that as it only requ uired to gain 1° or 2 
uring the months of os, July, and August, as well af ‘additional temperature to ring it within the Wheat 
addi tional dryness being attended with 
THE LIMIT OF WHEAT CULTURE IN sea. a few of the stations the temperature Ae hid an in les it to bine ag a ae g 
SCOT soil also, “1 ivit below the surface, is given. it is Wheat. to perfection, which formerly it w. 
ARK, M.D., F.R.S.B. &e. often desirable to estimate the probable temperature of | do, then is the boon held al to proprietors a ‘nd 
Tae object o scientific investigations .is to reduce | a | pr whe rvations Canni e conveniently somes "id er ARA drain thag Ja: Ey and 
them to some practical end; and as we know the taken ge mentioned that this may easily be done f striking exam les might | be cited wher: cro m 
influence which temperature exerts on the owering of | by ook ng hold of observations made r- Wheat have been r m la: ah natu: city te yond Fs 
plants and in the ripening: of their seeds, the extensive | hood os allowing a fall of one degree of temperature | Wheat region, but which, “from sharough valving I and 
geht ye observations le in t parts of | for very 300 feet t of elevation above, that station n, il temperatur: 
untry, if turned to their proper use, ht t s to enable it to ripen, Wheat per: eet tly. pra the 
MEAN TEMPERATURE OF JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST, DURING THE YEARS 1857, 1858, AND 1859, WITH THE HEIGHT ABOVE THE ‘ble above ore Ais Whe p i “1 ee ak ee z 
Sra, Le miso ATI PLACES IN SCOTLAND. WITHIN, ON THE BORDERS OF, AND BEYOND THE WHEAT REGION. that pg 2 raag damp clayey toils tag Wheat cannot 
Wirtain tar Witear REGION. be raised as a regular crop. n mentioning the 
Gar rites 8 rer en ae TaT ve facts, however, some ti ago s s ry der 
Linton, Soo on, filiaalid Thi stan s | Yester,. ulloden, i i 
Eee ae e E E li i a ty ad tree 
) 80 feet. 160 feet. | 588 feet. | 8 36 feet 20 feet. “| toa feet | it up, he found that it pr roduced an ene crop of 
E Aoi jie Son Air Soil Air Whe ts and theory sl show ly to be the 
“Or | ia | S83 tse Poko! Peep aoe ia pe oi feasa n as the dark and porous nos dey peat 
7 | 6 6 | 500 | S67 | 58 5 | 682 | T | ora | 580 | 598 ga | Oo retain: larger amount of 
Meon| She BaP mk aed PP hee ork, Teen | heat than the damp clays d, and thus furnish the 
len i : : ; . 57.9 | 57.8 | 688 | 69.8 1,58 d f heat requisite to bring the crop to perfection. 
ti vel i nstances in different parts of 
Wire B w R Br W H wi country are known to dsm in ari re 
g 3 — 5 eana anaana w sainia Mataa moor! 
2% Su rE 88 3 EN a FES bck ‘ z. soil a mE SE are ned a i 
Z 5 BS ER 3 oe 25 EE ZS Bing a Sandwick Peet abore the level of the sea, hough în in the district 
Year, 48 as 3 Ee Ba ag za | 92 Bho Ba adp ener. «| newwen ot be grown profitably even 400 feet lower. 
se j E STA a g EE hode iTi Fro m all eh it is apparent that Whea culture may 
e ‘nite and profitably extended in Scotland, but 
213- feet|242 feet 241 feet|115 feet) 40:feet |605 feet 99 feet |868 feet|1110feet| 70 feet 100 feet ~~} that the first step to take towards tl H ; 
Air, | Aim P boMim: f ; y y i ; īsto thorough drain the land. So long, ever, as 
r: 57.9 59.1 a ora mpi ie i iat a a ies 55.2 ‘peer tracts of u ined land exist, it is next to hope- 
1850. ae sea 55.2 | 566 | 56.0 | 56.7 | 564 | 55:7 | 548 | 545 | 548 | 55.8 less to expect even the best drai in 
6 | 56.5 | 56.2 55.8 55.7 55.2 54.6 53.6 55.0 54.0 54.8 pr vicinity will raise as fine crops of Wheat as 
| s74 | 68.6) oea | 56.7 k 565 | 56.7 wr boty | osr i 660 [pe | 16 Otherwise would. ion from the. great 
«lis above table, which might, havo been greatly; Wheat repion (that is, districts where Wheat may be the ale a eed, = aera o soe 
calture. It ee ee ramai facts relative ive to Wheat and, ee is, raised successfully, but ca trusted | extent the higher temperature on the drained farm. 
on the tam be observed, from the observations to as a regular crop, and is almost always of inferior | In proportion however as the land around is drained, 
Wheat dis eae ce the soil, be a db bal mee quality.) the mean centers rehire of. theair these | the general climate will so improve that Wheat cro 
itself 1 foot 1 below the surf temperature À the soil | months ranges ie bt in all the | will o be raised r ly; and the 
ace was, general y. erie districts where thet mean wie gee diff n the value of land capable of raising 
Wheat, and ‘chat t only capable of raising ( Oats or + Barley, 
raised asa c 
t most im mporta TOP. 
table:seems to show thatthe limits of the Wheat region 
be pe 
pete above 
temperature 
keeps. the 
Egg 
iform from year to year than that of the 
ast is of course more under the influence of all ” atmos- 
i These 
Gites ear. t 
i. 
A half a degree lower, and was in ey. tance TN 
4 to hep ha: 
is that în all tho good W 
ee thoai d during te months y iem 
exceeded 
Nea aa i 
drain his land, and thus bring it within the limits ‘of 
the Wheat region. That Wheat was formerly raised 
in m localities 
+1 fT 
that of the air over it, July, and A 
ena at th rk pi As 
+] 
of the soil much mele 56 ; 
a on Pe 
tl io Wheat 
region, and those where ri re MA is lower 
pevn i po facts are | beyond it. 
ear . us though| Now some useful practical conelusions be drawn 
of the air during _ oa | from the facts just noticed. It is seen fom the above | 
lower than that nearly all the low-lying lends on. , main- 
ema pert hel adie was d of Scotland esse region, those 
in t on 
er being ra 
on than within it. 
ta abvorb and. aot in a) 
on the borders of the y bring his land within 
‘odnced 
ha een cnt 
h drained and | and to the land i 
can so im- the Wheat reg 
e quantities of t which 
certain lands wer er annually to asteries 
and religious h the nota — 
grain of "Wheat } 
_ It is no degen 
2 iy 
~ naturally 
Even the "ale eal Orkne 
it that the lọw- 
| the Wheat region, lie so p hoa 
