rubies, sapphires, a and ano pom, sisting in immense 
Eoen the form ee white powder, easily 
May 26, 1860.] 
THE GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, 489 
and the ss i nag nte the hewing of wood in the 
series of crops upon the various fields of a farmi in | | small open dish co containing water and ae of car- 
forests, were much more strictly observed than at | their turn, the straw being lts) was kept heated by 
present. en Paid in some places still, t n y g hich fol- | ttle gas flame, Sufficient s air was admitt 
ment was intrusted to a sort of rural ‘ist ric ] ith such a ro ea E l circulation ; 
officer, w P more cattle tion, a common oam is aaea Swexhaustible pf capioard was filled with a 
who saw that no one ever past 
he was entitle 
oist a tmosphere consider- 
An d therefore no landowner or iha soil w 
arge d with abbots 0 of ammonia. The 
I 
e] 
ms) a) 5 
q3 
the ammoniacal fumes for 
have ation 
Ww 
was found to 
undamage e was empowered to fin i 
punish tho: had transgre: , and inscribe 
their name and faults in the so-cailed “ Alpbiichli.” 
In this t beni on t 
I had nearly forgo mpor 
tha t certain long- -head led and e men are 
yoe business 
i eia 
te is phen ds that the various mineral substances exist | the rate i 3 tons per acre of 10 inches’ dipti eduin 
the soil in a erude oo any unfitted for ‘the e use of | lent to 20 tons of guano. 
plants, only a p Po n being page fe saben ii Henc ce it a jei, that a roughly-upturned fallow 
s food for the And ‘this ock of liberated 
active mineral ye zal mainta air or incr 
sed by bent in minute but ever ners quantity ; a and as often 
exposing the notes Pr e en to the salveta s tho 
dra 
we replace the mon 
is at stated p 
during the milking of each o cow and satisfy themselves | | 
ich is principally effected by nage 
soil, it is robbed at o 
and mechanical cultivati ion. _ The action of atmospheric So th at 
5 
the more extended aD 
aughts of atmo herie we can 
+} 
animal the value of the average amount of milk, which 
is 
greate air 
a ~ subject “for r notice si a time; and let down into the "ground, the more nitrogen will our 
that e slow 
only 
ered to him i Ryde. and pater, or in tk 
T need o 
that thi and peat et nerion | land acquire for our crops. Only till; 
fou Ae Le l C 
oney which it ae ‘when sold. - In many places the of rain-water containin ng carbonic-acid is ave ammonia in plenty : Ceres will not faint for want 
same system is purs in w h resist the most biting the sagt Coogee How much nitrogen may be 
‘A senner or ‘dairyman is chosen for _the village, pies pv acid or the most caustic alkali. The iden that | absorbed in r bee ined; but 
cots take’ up nourishment „only i in soluti on is giv’ ing (o 
er, and m oney, h afte 
course, leme paid at a ses bs pasyal price for *his 
time and trouble. 
HILOSOPHY OF TILLAGE. 
The Ces a a section of Mr. Clarke’s paper on Lois- 
crops that ar 
o spare is really obtai 
to a new opini and to 
oh tillage is For ai to ensure ‘this result ? 
grew six suce ops of Ba 
ever, 
by so me process. of vital. chemistry to feed upon per- | h 
fectiy insoluble puos of. aliment with the surface 
ch they a ntact, The power pithy which 
defiance of all | str: 
DENS JOU 
ce 
THE enables u take 
ae wonder pole effects of mechanical ingo 
els about $: pre mature sak ion of t 
id ainst it. 
0 il a 
analysis i is a capital aia for EET young farmer’s | y 
it certain is wonderful to see a spit of | 
eyes. And 
abate d, and bre PEREA vir bo 
earth crumbled, roasted 
eth 
he built his ake of frequent E a “age. 
How much tillage, bi will provide and p 
i inerals 
rse-hoeing bes 
wed 
mply sufficient PE a long seri of the | heavy, jest crops; | w 
having 
bod 
+) 4 Sr Da. kope d 
if found sufficient fo several fair crops; and the cultiva- | 
say that, a ese yea 
ti her cases has also been adequate for | ropping, oi the heavy tna Tight land felda at Bole 
ppeay Ee ani 
properties as similar substan 
druggist’s shop. More arrai ete to learn, that the purpose. on Mr. Lawes’s heavy loam at Rothamsted, | so far from fins. usted = = ir native 
one scarifying and od by arf ant one ploughing 5 or a | stock “of f nitrogen see i ff larg unt of 
“ieee sat inohigs dee “fll ow a ings, are found | nitroge: hemical rel i to it. 
sae a vy sn es vere be ere: peal ws gh for i p f 16 bushels per | The Snbsoil o of re light — inian (accor 4 ss prove Mr. 
binéd l mber af years | in” succession. And the | Lawes bs. of nitrogen per acre, in a stratum of 
uminium ; so t that on fi cto land containi ning 60 TONNE ve ape viden i f Mr,}1 foot praimer es ile the staple contains 
cent. of clay, there is enough of this precious metal Tin | | Smith, of Woolston, po numerous other instances, 200 Ibs.—just double. Well, the staple has bee 
‘a state of oxide or rust) in one acre of groun inches | Shows that, on any soil not too thin and light, deepened to 13 inches—more than twice its original 
oy, 90 tons weight of tea-spoons! Why, it | minerals enough for ey succession of napak Ga h—the 7 inches of additional staple taking the 
ost past belief that the principal portion of the | cro be prepare i a very moderate and prac e of us much subsoil; so that there must be, say 
sticks clay we find so awkward to cultivate is really | ticabl t of tillage operations. lbs. more nitrogen per acre in the field tham 
i rust of this light ge. silver; and as a matter of | . Besides this ti a ra pon ed, al butà pios | existed there befo, ore. The rd eof the clay i con- 
othi 00 dee 
ing less than the dust of | 
The 
are chem 
t plant, ike” others, feeds to some exten ti 
upon tag mineral su ces, 
contained in the soil ; | 
60 Ibs. per bushel, 
and. having over 1} Ea of s 
mg 
ny takes from ae = d m: 
edien i 
require“ atrial, ” or organic, Mb ta p 
tio ps | 
Ni 
tional porti: f the substance of ou yed 1 foot, thick; and the subsoil contains 
out of oe stable ma ign ae 1 
t now branch off into an ueidation of the Sole bes has been vars ane its original 5 inches 
al tive functions of | g there SA been 15 inches of 
necessity for having a s organic matter within | subsoil replaced by staple soil—that is, there is now a 
the soil, as well as floating in the air above. The only | tinon ra tg three times as much 
element w t may be feared monid fall short in o rogen as it did And the latter t-crops 
Wheat 
are so luxuriant and heavy, that Mr. Smith dare not 
the following quantities of the several i ain prac Wheat-growing is expensive nitrogen. 
pg or vagetableshysiologist ventnres to say 
Biswas? porera Miia that the Wheatiag and suced talk are utterly 
lbs Ibs. Ibs, | unable to absorb this posed ex of the ues in 
pol G T 7 ee nez ie sats of volatile ammonia or aor Pompende my 
ora it Niger . . e ply in this manner is t — t to Edit inva of the al Agricultur nl Soci 
Pe eamesic uk see a) a Hy tiv vy iy a e. Doubts “7 £0 Map $ qua f ranja of | J ‘ou piece oa a a to say a fe 
Magnesia Rye Sa E T a eer S 5.70 | 9.95 pogen sn down soil i e year by the|on one statement in the Report of the Council 
‘Sulphuric acid FA Peas E E 8.10 .212 and dew: which coal it, ont o E the atmosphere in| of the Paco Society, 
oie apie ea: iosa om is ie th y ed of n nitric acid and a som the most | yesterday? Mr. is said to have been 
Chloride of iron, and TTT e042 | 046 | 0.502 | subtle and poeme analyses ping w that it is a | selected in uence of his “high testimonials.” 
good many pounds’ w eig E De acre at g theamount | Now, sir, pior ws m monials 
84904 | 209:97 | 244.874 uired by a Whea How, then, shall it | perfectly Be readily be obtained, and 
OF th he 245 Tbs. of mineral mati crop of Wheat, | be obtained with LA N ” Well, oe is | their strength depends much upon the fri ip of 
2100s. = in the straw ; ; $0 that i returning the straw | a ag nitrogen already in the soil 5 the donor and the grade of the candidate. 
pa gn to Mr. Lawes’s analysis of | re zt paaks ly Mr. Frere is an unknown man, 
bbs say every aoa or fourth oe Fp have only the pie and Lois-Weedon soil, an acre of land is a public of his ing written a 
do dem and of the soil a perpetual supply of 35 Ibs. of | 10 a m haber 24 tons of this precious ele- ang ig on agriculture or its col 
minerals, that is, 11b. bushel, sent off the farm in | ment; much as would te removed 5 Then how, eae could these high testimonials be 
the corn ; WAN Tust be added the waste of a Wheat cr : s Ou ulturo will be, n far from given ? Why re they 1 not published ? There is another 
ion of these substan ring t onversion o nent unless we can aple as 
the straw into dung. What diol of these particular | nitrogen as we abstract from Ls in a course of ws The Council advertised for a “ scientific” editor, but in 
mi %y ave in a common 1 ? The| We can get little from the sul ; for rich as it m he Report they say “ scientific P Why was 
wing actual gianti are calculated from an as a source id additional A ri it contains ae a ord “ literary” withheld from the advert nt? 
analysis of a ing r cent. of silica; and | third or fourth as much nitrogen as the upper soil. | Is this, sir, quite as it should t Mr, Frere 
I will take the depth of staple at 10 eee as calcu- | Perhaps we m ai develope a from | I have nothing , he may bea light hidden for a 
eight e bein, ing | epoiha r source, viz., by the decomposition of the humus long time under a idge bushel, or he may be like 
about 7,000 or 1, ae organic matter of the soil in with the atmo- | some seeds—now ‘brought to the surface, 
id = "a xa s a0 oh it being supposed that nitric acid is formed silts eae abundant fruit. ee eee 
aa ane ad Si Enough for | through th agency Of, the aimo k brata by his longer ped re gh esr 
3 deca ae as it may, there is strange and the aff, 
Lbs. y» sf 
lien’ on eek oc | 9 046,068 ahaa nit: which is perfectly able to Amea pl yoan which gt tag sca gen trig 
Potash .. Se ve na 26,024 im err kapab "Nine years ago, the follow- | twentieths of the Society, for a 
hay — patie nt was a1 g experiment, won: “i sie d re gh in itself, yet Sof and ask a at a toca eae ; 
Magnesi ? aed 5, n the i it a 
Sulphuris ag "Rae sgn rll in filled tte w bii r impregnated with car- | an in the amount of gee i 
on iron, foc...) ane sZt |bonate of ammonia ite main ag ind the the {Bt April 28. it is there stated that 19.15 ig 
" 3 i e ordina; pan | 
Chloride of sodium “traco.” seie E A DEl once Orea Whe fod ttn ner tements of house rent and other 
Were we to take away both grain and straw, withou' effect ? Why, claus’ was en- | adv: attached to the wage for in 
any, return whai ont there would be sulphin A dest ya the a a had ir A iora other counties, it would appear that of in 
-for phosphoric acid via wate ca thes: the air every trace "of the am- constant employment or engaged by the year is meant. 
potash for.725 exp, aes part ona the otet monia. He also filled a tube w. ith i iat such s wath to ordinary ltural 
minerals i in a sti R x hi itl Pembrokeshire. 
substances: that a ool fiery i Ea ean ot For aba and the ae of thi i h the former county and in the 
sensibly j eais could | volatile carbona fi l une fw nty that 9s. per week with 
again haved areas apre Emaar Ee ar Banya Sa bn if cnt Pro i = t | so phe ane: acio. harak rs “all that is given. For 
ina dressing inary artificial man: mnie: n a er of clay soil on a sheet o paper at|some advance 
pit advocate the successive growth of only a limited Bire aa large ao. In this cupboard a! instance, the Hon, Mr. Yelverton and Major or Northey, 
