528 THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Joxe 9, 1860. 
nitted to | tion; “for without their agency, ‘the “pol n-masses Jand in this case, as it s pollen. masses a @furnishe hed 
sg oa peed Ke cg all si ome d ajare never removed a wither T hin due pouches. : with my ‘ sind it u t E: 
th f O; and | receive the bene of an occasiona i 
rtificate of having passed. As this NAN be one ” nt! a spe oved t ~" EE gis at bls ER “tattle iod 
cove ring p mnt w e i 
bs 3 le an s dthet adjoining plants uncovered ; in the latter | the structure of th Bee Orchis—one part, namel 
men under the age of 25.. It s should consist— | leaving every arn Agen the flow wers became fully | the sticky glands, being adapted for fertilisation 
1, of Vegetable physiology in its relation to the expanded, some of the pollen-masses removed, whee by insect agency—another part, namely the natural 
functions of ; in the plants under the Blass all the pollen-masses | falling out of the ut inset ae being a 
ive e | rema losed in their ] i 
climate to whic ey are naturally exposed are} Robert Brown, howeve og an remarked that the fact | me anxious to hear what happ ns to the ipet 
; 3, of Chmate, that is to say of the [of all the capsules in in a dense $ ike of stric s of Eng ~ 
infltionee exercised upon plants by t temperature producing see seed see s hardly reconcileable with their |I should be extremely = ‘obliged t 
: & E aE 
= 
© 
5 
7 
FF 
2 
a 
y 0 
P tili to observe this point and to 
moisture, &e. sgr: — subjects might b J: ae th It to the G rt o 
i B tI co ld sive ‘man Gis a sh e resu ari ug N nicle 
mination, for the purpose of ascertaining the know- | plant of Orchis ke maritata wi E e ie -e 
aa of varieties of fruit, which he thinks Mr. Hoce | 12 upper ones, which were ee niga ery one of the sett ChOWN ane ma CHOPWELL 
eretary of the Pomological Committee might 39 ote pollen: Aare eee we 
woons, 
tatemen nde opie eee the other day, 
of the one tat 
in a plant of Gymnadenia conopsea with 54 opar diamin the Ten an pen i ai n estate 
rn th a all these ba add s 2 Pere oe of flowers, : » 52 had thei eir ff ce satay ses removed. it hav a Chonta ihe “oo he: com res ty eiss w fro 
at, i rg as are rot mre or understan ci ; 
the first book of Euclid; but he would allow any | vd 3 whole pollen-masses on the stig- a ag as to rine Sh Been p result of the system of 
gy atap to decline pi subject with out preju | matic surface oe a fore oh whieh a a eeu: its jamn mangemani hla p apa as a em fasg onda 
| ave Woo! 
re LINAGER roposals, not put fpa a two pollen-masses ; and as often, or 1, bat-with deta tea the thi ve itor the Co msi e 54 
their stigmas. These facts clearly show earing date Novem 
aa arrangement, ae expressed in a methodical | no pollen on igm fane Be te haetine oto Ca , 
way. We cannot say that we wholly concur in that each flower i s often, or even generally, fertilised are tS hiik i Tight, sin selh to lc ight i 
scheme, bu . Aiei may add that after observing our Orchids | results as gaa brought ou 
basis, yaa which something valu able bear A oo hires ears, I have never pF bee or any _in December 1851 Mr, Ken edy, who was then 
built if experienced gardeners will take it other diütnal insect (excepting once a butt in charge of H.M. I. Woods and Forests, 
eo into consideration and point out how it| pisit them ; therefore I have = doubt that moths are eaul me to ins the Crown wood 
may be improved. | the priests who perform the marriage ceremony. The| plantations at Chopwell, and to report to him my 
~ ~ — structure, indeed, of some Orchids leads to this same al 5 RoT ia Anen : ya Pa I a in 
; = o him dated December 
THE EDUCATION OF GARDENERS. cone clusio on; for no insect without a very lo ng a and ex- |a repor! al i e year last 
tremely } ubstance of of my recomme endations i in regard 
THE following scheme for ensuri ring to young men | the botto m of the extremely toe "hud harn tary | to thi p thus: 
SA [of the ‘Butterfly. Orchis ; and entathologints | have oc-|— Seeing that the existing stock of wood on these 
suited to their wants than they ean now obtain is sub: y captured moths with pollen-masses aithoity lands; to "the extent of 779 acres, is in such an unhealthy 
those to them. If any entomologist reads this, and can | state, in ss mpi of pasi neglect, that it will not 
their course, whether as friends, guardians, OT | remember positively having caught ts moth thus|now produce more than one-eighth of the value it 
is parents :— ‘urnishea, I hope he will give its name, d describe | would have dra had it been in time attended and 
— PRELIMINARY EXAMINATI whi 
rown may 
< 
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a 
j: 
= 
ees 
Sas 
oo nh se 
a BBs 
Pa ne ae Te TT ea E 
tly to which part of the moth’s body "th sticky | well Rater eed = shor strongly advise to have the 
ia at any time betineeds the oe 3 of 18 ser aa waded ie iets im ESER éo ` ey š 
A Weling ae al = _, We may now turn to eg pe ne 5 ; in the J Fly and disposed of “the oa nd oreokan drain 
$ Tata aing À book keeping “lf or oi "| with sticky glands, do not naturally fall out of eo adapted.” I stated in my report that “the 
Feary see repped peog uches, jon can by ae shaken out; so that insect- | value of the crop on the extent advised to be cleared 
necessary, as with the species of the ‘other was 11 ape and that although it peer allowed to 
TL—Pass EXAMINATION. for their fertilisati on. But incet here d do their; stand TA er 20 years it could not at the end of that 
'WTo be pone eoten er saoto geen fa less effectually. than w ith rth more than me Persad it ad 
‘ ey ae eee 85 t immediat 
5. Practical Skill in cultivation .. “gardener. [of the state of the e pollen-masses in aoka Pra wouid, g fature ure good m gement, est upon: the 
. í Secretary of the | Of those ee which I sane and out of 102 | sn: e land i in 20 years after t the completion of planting, 
6. Practieal Botany and naming plants Floral Com- | flowers I found either on $ masses rth at least 
Sb gis N E A mittee of the | moved in onl: Peren ies 1858 I fo After a ini 
Hort, Society. | 17 plante growing near e other and i 
III.—EXAMINATION FOR Hon 57 flowers and of these 30 flowers had m or both 
(To be passod between the priva of pollen-masses removed li gaal as all the 
ers 
ior 
4 and 25.) flowers w and younger lowers they | them out; and now that ey have been carried out, 
7. cece e zie acheter they if PES perry og probah would saeenty have had most of their | the result is that 15,0791. has been realised by the 
thus hav 6 Saige i es e wood he 779 a 
--4. Land 
8. graphy, 0 as relates to v 
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5 
H 
Be 
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e 
as 
Bg 
5 
8 
& 
ba 
l 
9. Climate, in egetation |. 
I Mathetotics 4 anato Ay to go be: 
yond the first book of Euclid 
ei pollen-masses nded to 
wel I should much like ef ie how the. disc stands with | be Merei, which is 39412. more than my valuation of 
) Do. ani aL is in other districts ; Kia it seems a strange it at the time. This difference is accounted for from 
ee ork ‘act that a ran should grow pretty well, as it does in| the facts that in 1851, when I valued the crop in these 
Bie part of Kent, and yet du elas coven years seldom | woods, the price of such sm rees as it consiste of 
10. Pomol ing fruit sht F= Epanye ga ig : e 
mittee ofthe ainola 
à y : 
e to the Bee Orchis (Ophrys apifera), | rose nearly 20 per cent, As it stands, however, this 
Linager. which prisenti a very different case; the pollen masses | result is doubtless satisfac actory to all parties. 
—— are furnished with Riris glands, but differently from} With regard to the e: ii Le A Oe a a cost 
7 i all the foregoing Orchids, they naturally fall | of cle draining, and replanting at 
FERTILISATION OF BRITISH ORCHIDS BY out of their poke -ind from bei or of the pee all, while hile the actu sotil tis an expenditure of 4792.. 5s. 
INSECT AGENCY. ength, though still retained at the jee This, then, must also be considered satisfactory, and 
I sHovxp be extremely much ob liged to any person | they fall on the stigmatic nre, and t goes to prove that the Depu uty Surv: 
pn A where | the Bee > Or Fly Orchis is s tolerably co com- | thus self- Ais tilised. Durin aii T Tave g y udici e i 
1 flowers, ani iever in a single instance | the operations he has now domplated for the future 
perdian manner of fertilisation. To found € floors one of the pollen-masses carri ay by | improvem Woods; that Mr. Sieht ; 
der the subject, eterna to those who know nothing of of insects, or ever saw the flower’s own pollen-masses fail nedy, in appointing him to the charge, put the ri 
botany, I must briefly describe what takes place in our | to fall on the stigma. Robert Brown consequently man in ibe right place; ra that if se; (itr, easily’ 
common British Orchids. The pollen-grains fai, two | believed that wna isi i ei to | had rem in the office of Woods, th 
i the fertilisati his t and 
provements 
3 a foot-s' ilisation chis; and ra A fancifally he contemplated projected, in RARA an the other 
» sticky gland at the end. The pollen masses are hidden | imagined that the flower Pie = tr bee in order to | woodlands of the Crown, would, by in time, cae 
in in front. sen an insect visits a | deter their visits. We must admit that the nt ta been equally as satisfactorily carried ou 
flower, it alm Saati. sition of the | falling Diaa this Orchis is 
special contrivance for sation ; = a a plante ie T aranan wed Ctar - 
aro | ivane, Ove aay goes, a perfectly successful con- | w I A 
the ipa ertheless a long course of observation i 
made me no greatly doubt whether th the flowers of any kind | the value which] stated in 
oi Jof g j n proof that the is taki 
of pollen : e igmati thei - And what t are we to say with respect | satisfacto ory pr ogress ik may only state t that alth aa 
mutually adapted, that an insect with an adherent api 0 ny ‘glan ds of the Bee Orchis, the use and|the oldest Bag ag! of it is only six years pa 
pollen-mass will d i efficie va s Magy glands in all other eure tye | ekg = f the, rees are already upwards of 18 fee 
are so manifest? Are we to conclude t gh. This 
ecies is p ed 
flowers, and leave granules of pollen on each. con- 
trivance by which the sticky glands are preventan from | sp 
i cay with rhea organs te ie ae, "i wan I recommended the planting of this estate with 
drying, and so kept always viscid and ready for action, | cannot think s ; but would rather infer that, during Larch and rove the immense e adva se 
is even still more curious; they lie suspended (at least | some yea me other districts, insects do visit 1 
in the two species which I have examined) in a little | the Bee Orehis and occasionally transport pollen fi po Retin F ee Larch plantation: 
_ hemispherical cup, full of liquid, and for med of such | one flower to anoth er, and thus giv e it the advantage, of Clutton, however, did not a antistiiat’ such a state f 
delicate membrance, that the tl Fly Orchis | of things in regard to the clea aring and r Hp aes i f 
ry is ruptured iranerercly and | is not in this part of the country by any means suffi- | estate of Chopwell, as he states in his 
: ho erg touch; and t ciently often visited by insects, though the visits of| at ss an of the Blue Book re oh ate 7, «f 
hae oe bath, immediately and | insects are indispensable to its fertilisation, So with| would n t advise the clearing -of the es of the 
contact with and asia tec the Bee Orchis, prah a self-fertilisation is eigen | grounds $ it is only pàr res ie dkanced and replanted, 
Eat the cup. , It is provided for, it m xist here under t f the m PA be 
t of our common Orchids inset favourable conditi eof life; and in other distric d highly useful.” even suggest 
cesary for their fert 
r | foun 
| during particular pet ne it may be visited by on drainage, and at page so. bee: pret vs infer that it 
