Novemsrr 3, 1860.] THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 983 
depths, and for get ppan 7 to re žan F He bn from the depth at say ich wy! hea level in the chalk , on the breast. To usean expre ld Berkshire 
per J pag eee ine Puy Be ay kes The wei t serios ot ables lies from the surfi for here is no remedy. shaphard—* Tt ay ig ey to Pie they.” This 
x the above Sofion ‘ti my be assumed to be about t 25 cwt., | Sinking wells over 200 foet, dila the machi ory for | sheep was found in nine parishes on ‘the chalk, the 
and the cost of casting to be from 5s, to Ts., according to so A the water, m e expensive as a first outlay, as | Wiltshire horned sheep in 19, the Cotswold in 1, the 
circumstances. i well as the wear ig t d constant labour it| Leicester in 1, the Southdown in 12, the Berkshire 
Not i 
h anent load—assuming this to e-fourth $ „ear an t 
sh PAARA weaghs of the beam, a very safe alowaioesere entails, The labour may indeed be lessened by improved | Nott, which must have resembled the half breds of the 
cast-iron beam, the following rule is given. “ Mult tiply the | machinery, but the inconvenience cannot be overcome. present day, in 9. e Wiltshire were the favourites, 
S e de ater will b al 
il k 4 
aha over palt entire padai aa or one-ha If of |a einige hag well must take the level of th ap o the so soil of a great 
the weight w ay be safely suspended fro made to yee now: pi sta A “outfall, allow not less tl fhis M 
bear upon its c os 0 feet per write, as the iagt of the subterranean | breedin ng pty on ie err a and of a pital 
ou i slowing mad + tpl tole gh ad toe line to such outfall. This ore may be breed of 500 Southdown ke t by Sir 5. Throckmorton : 
section as in fig. 27, y De DY, 
A 342) will be useful; er are prepared from data kindly | corrected in any chalk istrict, by t 
furnished us by Messrs, Mather, Ledward, and Co., Liverpool, | relative level of water in any two wells in a line to t} thd was red then _ coming into fashion, 
the n a thd = acha ig A e al na K 2 tis outfall ; TEA Mha Sanil 3 
and width of flanges 43 inc’ a e len; eing eet, the p P T 
permanent load in the centre should e exceed 15,015 lbs., | the two, would be the mean of the level of water in peculiar type of the 
uniformly ‘distributed over its suxiane © 24,948 lbs. Tho weight the two wells, The principle on whic hth e calculation banhe ae taka as the Hampshire was derived it 
an linoa, foot of this section of beam is 44 Ibs, Where the | ig based is that the aite line of the i oeae aa | seems impossible to learn; there can be no gg whose 
water the | characte: as almost 
d 
ou t DEARA fangos ağths Rg AP dips towards the nearest vent, and that he | charac’ ih is more marked, oe d oe ae 
omen eg Me lo. — can o Ma peiin supers ed call Om "ill or 
being 34 lbs. ere the total depth is ches, width of top | encountered by t the te posses through the | chalk district. i SrA 
flange 88, of bottom A aches she weight at contre is ine TE Te” Chis kirar a i the water of the sheep stock may be Peres e n50 years, The 
foot being 13 lbs. By building the ends of the beams into the | line in the chalk, and the sas anaa of | W d Berkshire Notts, are eile 
walls a distance equal to three times the depth, one-third may ! the subterranean reservoir by the autumnal and winter | as en =. wn . DOW, as though they had never borp 
dded to the permanent load, rains, which causes the bursting of the brooks and | The pshire, or, we might say, rly 
Sa ELE eae a bourns, such as at L y. This is} evidently f fitted for the climate, the farmi. ing, the | 
THE PA OE UTBE OF BERKSHIRE, 
of the improved and d The 
THE REY. J. C. CLUTTER: van OF LONG WITTENHAM. LL OEO A. eaea Hampshire or ae mtoe untry aoe ate is E now 
(Cont ee . 940) ambourn Brook. the s sheep of the day. The e t of this breed 
IV. TuE Cuank Dis is eolo ical] divided dee a aordi h 1, Th Je | Ís in pst al of successful development, e prizes 
inko 4} lk iee pap a a aa noni a aire awarded at the late show of the Royal Agricultural 
to the labo 
E v y: 
by the presence or an nce of flints. Though the |1852- 3, the two last periods of the bourn Meter the | Show have given e labours-and intelligence of Mr, 
limit of the division is not clearly defined on the | angle at = ch the water rose in the soil is greater W. Humfrey and others a token of the most marked 
surface, the lower chalk for the most part forms the | than the angle described by the surface which the approval, _ The har ardy ra aoe has been hood aso y the 
owns and sheepwalks on the ridges overhanging | water reaches a point above its ordinary spik head. f t 
the vale, and is the subsoil of the arable land at the their por qualities. This stock year by ye mi 
- foot of the chalk escarpment to its junction with the r š š itse! x to is cross-breeder, ‘ant imparts a marked im- 
ensand beneath. The upper cha ith i = to the stock in 
evet| DEC.I842 e ‘was ori rigi y. reared. The rams bred at Oakash 
ighbouring cuttin rn and large prices for hire; the ewes known 
Railway; it is exposed in chalk pits, and met with in Section showing the relative Levels of sae at two periods, Set iis their blood and that of their produce from this 
shafts sunk at various places to raise chalk for agri- The bursting of thine bourns has bee: redicted by stock are eagerly sought for a ps far beyond the © 
cultural or other purposes. h rn limit hich t} t pa i values of a like weight of fleece and 
i carcase, Cross breeding sari finds little Sting i 
$ 
p The southe 
assigned to this district is the river Kennet, and so = ordinary level, ‘and by tia to the winter 
i nde = ain fall. 
Thames between ding and Maidenhead as is n tanks from tl 8 | ocks— —though are 
covered by the outcro, ping | London and Plastic aja. of balding eutthot meet the wants of man and 1 n etre with the Teicsster: ram. 
We may also excep thoe omens ve aen of these on large farms. br ey there is a means of peara to | The poanius" of dierent flock masters Mire’ little, 
strata, in some cases of the Bagsh t, by the mna, ia dew pop These | downs ot Bac keeping a breeding or dry floc The 
beds, which are found on a Bigh, groma to the n i on the hig est st of the dow still m walks 
of the Kennet, The centre of this tra of country is | ponds, 2d Sas name be ahve: PE: Kaap uppl: y| th 
for the most part cled red an ieat red of wood | from condensation of the atmosphere on their | Which grow winter food are necessarily breeding farms, 
1 e eastern par anit the: > ii direct rain-fall scar em, | Lands altogether under arable cultivation either 
ng f Oxford and of the po rain | maintain dry flocks, or are cleared early of their 
= narks the south-w. , the number of tittle and ‘the vate of oe aie breeding stock by the sale of couples in the spring. 
strict § is sade intoa wg ot sumption of water, the result arrived at on co a The highest class of sheep farming, whatever its profits 
e; und Ex mage | aigra in some instance; h | the able pete the drain upon it is a great excess in | may be, is to be found in the maintenance y artificial 
plateaux “of s or falling in a “slopes favour of the pond, at the end of the aera rot f | Grasses and green crops of a breeding flock throughout 
tending in conformity with the genera the summer. "the known fact -that a Í year where there is'no down or sheep walk. The 
ateata southw: iin ya noe om the ground the Oxford Observ: any regis istered | general detaits-of the management of such a farm will 
and Sab a is more ss covered with the argillaceous | 27.171 ine hes; aginst a gauge 22 feet above the ground | be the best explanation “bf this rather 
or ly flint arift, om breaking up of t an excess of 4.935 on the taking. 
at aa the Aiha oe: formation before spoken of, rainfall of 1859, leads to the inference that the cold The farms in the hill district are “had by men ` 
which forms = ae ple of the soil under the ground of capital, -> the holdings are extensive, and the land 
cultivation, requiring a Aiton a ith tł thus the dew pond attracts the _vapour to its cold | cannot be farmed profitably without a 1 k 
nacity Pil il, which sometimes requires surface, Th killed Such is a far: neh he 3 about midway 
draining. It is remarked that the northern slopes in in the operation. An excavation is made i in the surface | beween. the Vale ‘and Forest placed a k othsiderstla 
these undulations, though they h y 40 yard elevati y 500 are oh ae ve the veg e is 
ments, are rally covere ed with a deeper bed of -i as many feet ; the bottom, of a s ape, i ing of P. clay 
tenacious soil ther those to the sat, a oo covered with clay carefully fein and worked “le „as in most piiri to form strong at n 
un 
3 
£4) E e atin eh ta 
wholé distr: 
c 
ift or 
ot hea rt À 
d only being api — sag ela tions: the aay is interspersed with considerable subo 1, naturally nate or drainable the cha 
There is a feature drift sotto adds | quantities of quick lime, said to prevent the working | be neath, The chalk itse y ap 
to the impervious ibe bi n babsoil, namely that |of the worms. As the portions are finished they are surface, an opine n performed wa sinking shafts 
the more tenacious particles of the clay seem ve | protected from the atmosphere by a covering of straw, |at convenient distances, raising the chalk bya hand 
been carried down by th ing i la ; l 
c and s 
the surface, this depositing a coating of clay |is then introduced; if theri be snow in the winter about two pounds per acre are paid to persons w! 
immediately on the surface of the chalk or on the fiints | the ae is filled with it as saving the carriage contract forthe job. ‘This farm consists of above 700 acres, 
resting upon it, forming that which Dr. Buckland | of w. Then for years these ponds placed pes _ of which all are arable except a small portion kept in 
ing - open Mibe = noes of the downs, never are grass rather as accommodation land for domestic 
ent contained a small portion of oxide of o fail. va of one of the ponds of Rego i purposes tl _ The 
Th the drift in the hollows sarsden ston ofte abe ut 407. The use of steam wen live or dead, are well kept, tl 
new = d. ao stones are considered geologists |0 demand on the stock of water. The increase of t q 1 maint go ca repair by the fines, of 
concretions of the sand of the Plastic clay y; their already been bate the | which ‘there is an abundance either raog with the 
l raga here is rather of geological than lt chalk or found on the ace, The buildings _ 
| interest, excepting the fear that if steam elevation tenant in the “event oe the introduction of steam | with a good house and offices ea n eih, ition, 
be introduced, they may seriously hin er tl giving full accommodation for stock, suffi 
agh. e the ch ntenance of i 
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he opera tions cultivation 
srba berir Aio Pegada tair dent 
arked by ‘ancient ridge and Ickfield way, Berkshire Porn fn ly in lying | The horse labour is 
the lesen of te ance portions of the drift | between the orang et river Kennet ; the number of horses bought in as 
gives a thinner character to the soil, which often |sheep annually penned at Isley marks this as the 
consists of a slight covering th prin mould resting | centre and gront emporium of this nye a of | sold in their maturity to 
»| on the drifts of flints and chalk, or sheer chalk itself. ` | British produce and wealth th airs and 
| The chalk drift extends beyond the limits of the | markets are numbered by tens of thousands. N Tay ate he 
See strate and covers ries OF te rinit ‘nl ater, wher ioe 
eath, vat oe its traces are found as will hereafter | who buy with confidence from the soe thy an 
tied he rand Abi oat fm A i n ‘land T or of the stock. Mavi report a cain ied t for Pine “Socal a8 
“thedepth of Peete tye ot te By lri the Chalk ‘aietriet, = ae breeds of | flints which cut the hoof and necessitates shoeing or 
comminuted chalk and small make shi ae ao -= are, 1st, Berkshire Notts, | it is . 
Bai soil easily worked anit pa ae” re in Kopt at aedem] er, and ‘Southdown. The | the Berke Droed, a well EPR ied f the 
naturally draine ed, and is far med on Be rkshir ê Nö tts, or potted ; eep, & i still în ask pon A ee rng Here as throughout the district 
: t lled cows, in con ‘inction | 
> hg crops of Swede me age a ferenco t0 rs s are so far as we are infi the ae “yon ohare re eseti Sok at ra pore 
a There are aay points that the chalk district! wholly extinct, “hät are d ed by tho o | allud ki gs eA tects tok: Tee 
r gests as Phan Te our notice. a ber them as having a long speckled face, and | measure “ch = itu oa toa gg fn a ee 
the t tubénventence of the want of water | ar rather light in the carcase, and very bare of ‘wool | price of store sheep 
oe 
