236 Transactions.— Miscellaneous. 
analogies, respectively, in the tribal tongues of Hindostan,—total, 496— 
all the proofs that glossarial connection can give, are adduced. The 
expressions denoting this glossarial connection I have termed “ word- 
fossils,” for they indicate a race with as unerring an indication as the 
Graptolite, the Holyptichius, or the Stigmaria, point out those separate 
geological systems displayed in the Silurian, the Old Red Sandstone, and the 
Carboniferous, respectively, wherever spread on the face of the globe. 
In these papers I have given more attention to the glossarial branch 
than to the ideological or phonetic, simply because I have found it to be the 
most unchanging, and, therefore, the best indicator of race affinity. 
The Malay and Polynesian languages are compounding in their con- 
struction ; the Malagasi is inflecting ; yet, this peculiarity connects it with 
the Dravidic,—i.e., dialects of South Hindostan. 
All have re-duplication in the construction of many words; and that 
most attenuated of the dialects, viz., Hawaiian, has triplication, and even 
quadruplication—such as, lelele, to leap; lelelele, to run off. The Poly- 
nesian dialects have dualism in their pronouns; a fact which I have not 
discovered in Malagasi or Malay. 
The roots of the most simple primary words are vowels, the conso- 
nants being merely additions or acceptations, according to the genius of 
each dialect. That the consonants are transposible, as between tribe and 
tribe, we have seen many indications; and that they are even ever- 
changing in single tribes, we have the evidence of the Rev. S. J. Whitmee. 
He says,* the consonant k is found only in one word in Samoa (to wit,— 
in puke), adding, that to a person now for the first time visiting Samoa this 
would appear to be incorrect. He would hear k used by most of the natives 
in their ordinary eonversation in place of t; but this is a recent change. 
In 1863, was used only in the island Tutuila and in the eastern portion 
of Upolu; now, it is used all over the group. It is difficult to say how this 
change was commenced, but its spread has been noted, and every attempt 
has been made to arrest it, but without effect. Many of the natives are 
exceedingly careless and incorrect in the pronunciation of consonants, and 
even exchange or transpose them without confusion and almost unnoticed 
by their hearers,—as, manu for namu, & scent; lagogu for lagonu, to 
understand, etc. 
Besides scrutinizing beyond Hindostan the dictionaries of the various 
races of Asia, Europe, and Africa, I have also carefully gone over numerous 
vocabularies of the aboriginal tribes in North and South America, and here 
also I have failed to detect the semblance of glossarial analogy. All philo- 
logical evidence then turns to Hindostan, the Land of Barat, as the original 
* Samoan Grammar, 
