BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES IN REGARD TO SOME OF THE CARTOGRAPHERS WHOSE MAPS APPEAR IN THIS ATLAS. 



Arrowsmith: The name of an English family of map-makers, for many years in 

 close touch with the British Government, as shown by the number of official or 

 semiofficial maps prepared by them. Aaron Arrowsmith was born in 1750 and 

 died in 1823. He became distinguished as a publisher of excellent maps, of 

 which he produced over a hundred. His son, Aaron, and his grandson, John, 

 also became distinguished for the excellence of their maps. 



Berghaus, Hermann, Ph. D. : A noted German cartographer, of Gotha, born in 1828. 

 Considered a high authority in Germany. In 1863, in conjunction with Fr. v. 

 Stulpnagel, he published a Chart of the World on Mercator's Projection, of 

 which many subsequent editions have been issued. 



Brue, Adrien Hubert, a French geographer and cartographer, was born in 1786 

 and died in 1832. He entered the navy in 1798 and in 1801 joined the expedi- 

 tion under Baudin, sailing on the JYaturaUste, under the immediate command 

 of Freycinet, whom he subsequently assisted in the preparation of his report. 

 Ill health compelling him to abandon the sea, he took up the production of 

 maps and very greatly improved the methods then in vogue. He published 

 two general atlases and a number of separate maps, some of the latter appear- 

 ing after his death. 



Devine, Thomas, Canadian surveyor, was born in Ireland in 1823, emigrated to 

 Canada, became connected with the sunning department in Canada in 1816, 

 and was deput}^ surveyor-general in 1873-1879. In 1849 he constructed for the 

 government a map of Canada, from Lake Superior to Nova Scotia. He was 

 elected F. R. G. S. of London in 1860 and F. G. S. of London in 1873. 



Duflot de Mofras, Eugene, a French diplomat and explorer, at one time attache 

 to the French embassy at Madrid and later sent in a similar capacity to the 

 French legation in Mexico, with instructions to investigate the so-called 

 " Oregon question." The results of his investigations were published "by order 

 of the King" at Paris in 1811, in two volumes and an atlas. The work is entitled 

 "Exploration de l'Oregon, des Californies et de la Mer Vermeille, executee 

 pendant les annees 1810, 1811 et 1812, par M. Duflot de Mofras, Attache a la 

 Legation de France a Mexico," etc. 



Greenhow, Robert, was born at Richmond, Va., in 1800 and died in San Francisco 

 in 1851. He studied medicine and took the degree of M. D. in 1821. He visited 

 Europe, lectured for a while after his return, became translator to the Depart- 

 ment of State in 1828, and in 1850 moved to California. He published a History 

 of Tripoli (1835), and a Report on the Discovery of the Northwest Coast of North 



America, prepared by order of Congress in 1837 (New York, 1810), which was 

 afterward enlarged into a History of Oregon and California, a work of high 

 authority. 



Pinkerton, John, F. S. A., was born in Edinburgh in 1758 and died in Paris in 

 1826. He published "Modern Geography Digested after a New Plan," two 

 volumes, 1802; a "New Modern Atlas," 1808-1815; and a General Collection of 

 Voyages and Travels, in 17 quarto volumes, 1808-1814. 



Tanner, Henry S., geographer, was born in 1786 and died in New York in 1858. 

 Until 1850, most of his life was spent in Philadelphia. He engraved and pub- 

 lished many atlases and separate maps, contributed to various periodicals, and 

 was a member of the geographical societies of London and Paris. 



Tichmenieff or Tikhmenief (Russian, TilXMeHeB^), P., a Russian author, known 

 as the historian of the Russian American Company. He published at St. Peters- 

 burg, 1861-1863, a Historical Review of the Organization of the Russian Ameri- 

 can Company, which is a valuable reference book. 



Vancouver, George, captain in the British Royal Navy, was born in 1750, or later, 

 and died in 1798. He is said to have entered the navy at the age of 13, and 

 served as midshipman with Cook in the latter's second and third voyages. 

 Later he served as lieutenant in both the East and West Indies, and in 1791 

 was given the command of an expedition for the exploration of the Northwest 

 Coast of America, for the purpose of discovering a " northwest passage." On his 

 return from this expedition he was made post-captain, and began the preparation 

 of his report, but died before it was entirely completed, though not until the 

 atlas, which shows the results of his explorations, had been completed under 

 his supervision. His work was completed by his brother, and was published 

 by the British Government in three quarto volumes, accompanied by a folio 

 atlas. Vancouver's explorations formed the most important contribution to 

 the geographical knowledge of the Northwest Coast for many years. His 

 maps, for nearly a century, formed the basis upon which all other maps of 

 that region were constructed, and are still valuable reference documents. 



Walch, Johann, a German cartographer, was born in Bavaria in 1757 and died in 

 Augsburg in 1816. He established a map-publishing house at Augsburg in 1786, 

 and published several atlases and separate maps. His son, also named Johann, 

 continued the map-publishing business until his death, in 1841, and the business 

 was continued by the succeeding generations of the family until 1894, when it 

 was finally discontinued. 



