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How to Sex Cage Birds. 



WINGS OF GOLDFINCH, TO SHOW SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN SIZE, 

 LENGTH OF PRIMARIES, AND PATTERN. 



the second to fifth primaries, counting from the front (the first 

 primary being short and only visible when sought for with a needle). 

 The beak of the male is wider at the base, more swollen towards the 

 middle, is slightly longer, and when viewed in profile has perhaps a 

 straighter culmen or ridge. 



With regard to plumage, the white portions are all purer, less 

 stained with brown than in the hen. The rump is white, frequently 

 more or less varied with bunish-sienna, whereas in the hen it is 



