146 How to Sex Cage Birds. 



larger than the female, brighter in colouring, less smoky in all its 

 tints ; the female, sometimes at anyrate, more gravel-reddish on 

 the under surface. 



Rufous Pigeon {Columba rufina). 



"Female. — Somewhat duller, and with the chestnut colour of the 

 upper parts less extended on the back and upper wing-coverts " 

 (Salvadori, Catalogue of Birds, vol. xxi. p. 288). 



Banded Pigeon {Columba fasciata). 



The female is smaller and duller than the male; "the head and 

 under parts are less vinous and more reddish " (Salvadori, Catalogue 

 of Birds, vol. xxi. p. 292). 



White-naped Pigeon (Columba albilinea). 



Only males in the Museum; but Count Salvadori thinks the 

 female is probably similar to the male, but duller; but, he adds, 

 "not without the white nuchal band, as stated by Taczanowski." 

 This is judging by analogy only, but is probably correct. 



Araucanian Pigeon {Columba araucana). 

 The female is smaller than the male, and its bill viewed in 

 profile is more slender. 



Canarian Pigeon {Columba laurivora). 

 The female is much smaller than the male, and shows more 

 prismatic rosy lilac on the back. 



Bolle's Pigeon {Columba bollei). 

 The female is smaller and considerably duller than the male ; 

 the prismatic colours on the back of her neck are much less 

 developed, her hinder abdomen is more ashy. 



Madeiran Pigeon {Columba trocax). 



The female is distinctly duller than the male; she shows less 

 prismatic green on the hind neck, and her abdomen is bluer. 

 Count Salvadori notes none of these differences. 



Wood Pigeon {Columba palumbus). 

 The female is much smaller than the male, and has a more slender 

 bill (viewed in profile); her back is browner, and she shows less 

 white on the sides of her neck. 



White-throated Violet Pigeon {Columba albigularis). 

 Only males are sexed in the Museum, but the female is probably 

 smaller and duller. Some of the unsexed specimens are darker and 

 altogether less red on the under parts than others, but there is no 

 indication as to whether these are sexual differences. 



