30 



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As in the case of many other Fijian birds, Mr. Layard was able to show that the several distinct 

 species of Bush-shrikes were much localized in their ranges in the islands, each of the larger islands generally 

 having its own peculiar species (cf. Lay. P. Z. S. 1875, 433; ib. 187G, 494; ib. 1879, 147; Ibis 1876, 14G, 

 154,391,392,505; ib, 1881, 170). Mr. Layard's conclusions were somewhat undone by Dr. Gfadow, who 

 found specimens of one species in localities, which were supposed to be the peculiar habitats of others (Cat. 

 B. VIII 190, 191, 202), and this called for a critique in support of Mr. Layard by Canon Tristram (Ibis 

 1884, 398, 399) maintaining that each form belongs to its own island and is to be found nowhere else. This 

 view has been taken up recently in a paper on the subject by Mr. Secbohm (Ibis 1891, 93—99). It appears, 

 notwithstanding, that two of the species are less restricted in their range than is thought to be the case. 



In Ibis, 1876, 146, 154, 505 and P. Z. S. 1876, 494 Mr. Layard speaks of „P. icteroides" as 

 a species without any black collar belonging to Ovalau and Viti Levu (tlie Rewa), Subsequently, finding that 

 this name was that of a Samoan species, he described the species he had called by it as P. neglccta 

 (P. Z. S. 1879, 147), as he held that the name P. graeffei Hartl. belonged to a distinct race on Yanua 

 Levu. P. graeffei, however, came from Viti Levu, as Dr. Graffe's label shows; and it is thus, in all 

 probability, the same as Mr. Layard's collarlesa P. icteroides of that island and Ovahui. The latter 

 island is the only locahty mentioned in the subsequent description of that species as P. ncglecta. In W 



neglecta it Avould rather appear that two forms 



a collared and a (iollarless one 



are iconcerned ; for, 



„in some specimens a few stragghng black feathers on the lower part of the throat, encroaching on each side 

 of the chest, seem to point to the formation of a narrow black collar, such as is found in P. inter- 

 media*', (Lay. 1. c), and there are specimens from Ovalau, — one in the British Museum, for instance, ■ — ■ with 

 a considerable collar formed. It might thus be supposed that the collarless specimens are immature, but the 

 type of P. graeffei and other examples without any collar are obviously in perfect plumage, and the young 

 males of collared species appear to assume the black band at the same time as the yellow underside, from 

 which it may be inferred that the collarless specimens of P. neglecta are probably distinct from those which 

 are assuming the collar. Moreover, the latter examples are evidently the same as P. intermedia Lay., for 

 their specific distinction from that species depends only upon the absence of a narrow black collar (Ibis, 1876, 

 154), and it is found that a black collar, narrower than in P. torquata, is assumed by them. This view is 

 confirmed by in Mr. Layard's statement that he found P. intermedia in Ovalau, the home of P. neglecta^ 

 as well as Viti'Levu (P. Z. S. 1876, 494); and it should be remembered that, when describing P. neglccta, he 

 was under the disadvantage of having no specimen of P. intermedia before him (P. Z. S. 1879, 147). 

 Mr. Seebohm regards the existence of a Pachycephala with a black pectoral band on Viti Levu as 

 somewhat apocryphal; there is, however, such a specimen in the Hamburg Museum marked „Viti Levu" 

 by that accurate authority, Kleinschmidt. Further, in the Berlin Museum there is a specimen with a 

 rather broad collar and no yellow spot on the lores which is stated to have come from Vanua Levu. It is, 

 probably, P. intermedia. Thus this species should be marked as belonging to Viti Levu, Ovalau and 

 ? Vanua Levu. 



The collarless race of Vanua Levu (P. aurantiiventris Seebohm) corresponds so closely with 

 the type of P. graeffei in the Bremen Museum that it can with difficulty be held distinct. It is, however, 

 evident, from Mr. Layard ^s repeated statements, that Viti j^evu birds generally have a hghter yellow under- 

 side than those of Vanua Levu. ' 



/ 



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s 



I 



145.^' Pachycephala flavifrons. 



Eiopsaltria flavifrons Pcale, U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848 



96 pi. 2G f. 1; Ilarll. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, 



100; Cass. U. S.Exp. 1858, 160, pi. X, 1. — Eiopsaltria icteroides Peak, U. S. Expl. Exp. 97, pi. 2G f. 2; 



W 



frons Peak, ib, 97, pi. ^26 f. 3, juv. ; Jlartl. Wiegm. 

 grifeche a diadfeme JI.etJ, Voy. Pole Sud, pi. 5 f. 1. 



Eiopsaltria albi- 



Pie 



Pachycephala hombroni Bp, Oonsp. 1850 I, 329, 



Eopsaltria diademata J.etP, ib. 1853 HI, 55. 

 Pachycephala diademata (h-aij, B. I'rop. Is. 20. 



Pachy- 



cephala flavifrons Gray^ B. Trop. Is. 20; F. <d II Orn. Centralpol. 78; Gray^ H. L. I, 388 no. 5888; Pay. P. 

 Z. S. 1876, 493; id. Ibis 1876, 505; id. i\ Z. S. 1879, 147. -~ Pachycephala albifrons Gray, H. Trop. Is. 

 21; F.etll. Orn. Centralpol. 79; Gray, H. L. I, 380 no. 5904; Fiaseh, J. f. 0. 1872, 32, 41; Lay. P. Z. S. 



1876, 493; id. Ibis 1876, 505. 



Pachycephala icteroides F.etll Orn. Centralpol. 76; Gray, IT. L. I, 388 



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