xiv Preface. 



now United States Consul at Opoi-to ; to Cliaplain Jones, 

 of Philadelphia ; to Dr. William Jameson, of the Univer- 

 sity of Quito ; to J. F. Reeve, Esq., and Captain Lee, of 

 Guayaquil ; to tlie Pacific Mail Steamship, Panama Rail- 

 road, and South Pacific Steam Navigation companies ; to 

 the officers of the Peruvian and Brazilian steamers on the 

 Amazon ; and to the eminent naturalists who have exam- 

 ined the results of the expedition. 



PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. 



In 1873 the author made a second expedition across 

 South America, in company with Mr. H. Walter Webb 

 and Mr. E. I. Frost, of the School of Mines, New York. 

 The general route was up the Amazons from Para to 

 Yurimaguas, thence over the Andes to the Pacific coast 

 and down to Lima. Among the side excursions was a trij) 

 to Lake Titicaca, by the way of Arequipa. 



The main objects of the journey were scientific. The 

 large collections in natural history have added many new 

 species to science, and thrown light upon the distribution 

 of tropical forms. The special study of the physical feat- 

 ures of the Maranon region — a vast and interesting coun- 

 try, most rudely laid down in existing maps — has resulted 

 in the careful chart appended to this volume, which, as it 

 is based upon actual surveys, it is believed will prove a 

 valued contribution to geographical science. Much labor 

 was also expended in obtaining facts illustrating the com- 

 mercial resources and possibilities of the Valley of the 



