350 The Andes and the Amazons. 



er distance. It yields rubber, copal, copaiba, sarsaparilla, 

 wax, and pitch. 



The Huallciga, for the first hundred miles, has an aver- 

 age depth of three fathoms, a current of three miles an 

 hour, and (at Lagunas) a rise and fall of twenty -five feet. 

 The ordinary steam navigation ends at Yurimaguas, 123 

 miles from the mouth ; but at high water, steamers can go 

 forty-six miles farther, to a point called Eumi Callarina. 

 Canoe-travel begins at Tingo Maria, 120 miles from Hua- 

 naco. The Parana- pura and Aypena are ascended by 

 canoes to Balsa Puerto and Jeveros, and the Mayo to Tara- 

 poto. 



The Pastassa is an intractable torrent. The little steam- 

 er "Mayro" ascended seven miles, when further navigation 

 was stopped by furious rapids. Dr. Spruce was one hun- 

 dred days in going from Tarapoto, on the Huallaga, to 

 BaSos, on the Upper Pastassa. Considerable gold is washed 

 by the Indians from the black sand of the Bombonasa. 



The Potro is navigable sixty -four miles by steamer. 

 This river is important as being the prospective avenue 

 for the commerce of Chachapoyas. 



The Morona is open to steamers to the confluence of the 

 Cosulima and Mangosisa, a distance of over 300 miles. 

 Steamers can also ascend the Mangosisa to a point distant 

 only fifteen miles from Macas, " the golden Seville" of old 

 Spanish days. 



The Santiago, as it discharges itself above the Pongo de 

 Manseriche, is consequently not available for steam navi- 

 gation. But canoes ascend it, and not a little gold, washed 

 from its banks and ^layas, is brought down by traders. 

 All the alluvial slopes along this river to the sources of 

 the Napo are auriferous. The Santiago gold is of a deep- 

 er yellow than the Napo. 



Borja, the last town on the navigable part of the main 



