528 The Andes and the Amazons. 



binos dye cotton cloth a permanent blue by simply boil- 

 ing it along with the digitate leaves of the Yangua tinc- 

 toria. 



Lasiandra argentia, on the Amazons, and Paeinaki, 

 KiJARi, and Htjito, from the Maranon, are nsed for dj^e- 

 ing black. 



GUMS AND OILS. 



Copal exudes from the bark of the HymencBa (Jutahi, 

 of which there are several species), a monarch of the for- 

 est, often one himdred feet high. On the Maranon it is 

 used for illumination. 



The bark of the Mata-mata-uba on the Solimoens, a 

 very large tree, is also used for illumination ; it is proba- 

 bly resinous. 



The Breu Beanco, a common tree around Santarem, se- 

 cretes from the inner bark a white resin, resembling Cam- 

 PHOE in smell and appearance. 



The Beeo de Ounany, a black wax (from the heart of 

 Symj>honia glohulifera), and the Seccanta are used b}' 

 the Indians to pitch their canoes. 



The bark and leaves of the Wax Palm, Copernicia ceri- 

 fera (Caknauba), excrete a resinous wax, used to some ex- 

 tent in making candles, and a great article of export from 

 Ceara. But it does not fairly belong to the Amazonian 

 valley. Another Wax Palm {Geroxylon andicola), the 

 "Palma de Ramos" of the Ecuadorians, grows at Canelos. 



The Cetico (a Cecropia, a tree fifty feet high, with white 

 bark and digitate foliage, very common on the Maranon), 

 is also called a " Wax-tree ;" but the wax is of animal ori- 

 gin, stored away in the hollow trunk. The wax is of two 

 kinds, white and reddish ; the former, aiunt, is made by 

 bees, the other by ants. 



The berries of Lacre-trees on the Lower Amazons exude 

 globules of wax resembling gamboge. 



