558 The Andes and the Amazons. 



N"o Mesozoic rocks are visible east of the Andes, except 

 the Cretaceous conglomerate found by Chandless on the 

 Upper Puriis, which, however, was evidently washed down 

 from a higher locality farther south.* The Andean re- 

 gion was covered by the Jurassic sea, and was afterward 

 elevated (in Northern Peru) 11,000 feet. The moment the 

 Andes began to rise, the topography of the Amazons val- 



per on the Brazilian Carboniferous Brachiopods {Bull. Cornell Univ., vol. i.), 

 that S. condor, D'Orb. from Lake Titicaca is identical with the North Amer- 

 ican species. Spirifera or Spiriferina sp. : There is also a fragment 

 with rather coarse simple ribs not recognizable specifically. The aspect is 

 that of a Spiriferina, but no puncta have been observed. Spirifera per- 

 PLEXA, M'Chesney : A single dorsal valve is referred to this species. In 

 the paper above cited, I have endeavored to show that this well-known and 

 widely-distributed American form is distinct from the European S. lineata, 

 Martin, to which it has usually been referred. An exceedingly small speci- 

 men, presenting the characters of a smooth Spirifer, is probably the young 

 of this species or of S. planoconvbxa, Shumard. Eumetria Mormonii, 

 Marcou {Betzia punctulifera, Shumard), is by far the most abundant species, 

 being represented by ten or a dozen specimens in the rock examined. One 

 of these is figured on PI. viii.. Fig. 8, in my paper referred to. Terebra- 

 TULA bovidens, Morton (?) : A crushed specimen agrees perfectly with Mor- 

 ton's species from Missouri in the characters of the beak and in general form, 

 as far as the latter can be observed. This species is known from two Boliv- 

 ian localities. Salter identified it under the name of T. millepunctata among 

 some specimens from Santa Cruz, by Mr. Cammmgs {Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, 

 vol. xvii., p. 50), and Toula describes an apparently identical form from 

 Cochabambaas T. Hochstetteri {Proc. Vienna Ac ad., Wx.). Rhynohonella 

 or Camarophoria, sp. : A small specimen ; ovate, about as long as wide ; 

 ventral valve depressed, convex, with a broad shallow sinus extending but lit- 

 tle beyond the middle, and marked by two rounded ribs ; dorsal valve gibbous ; 

 surface smooth. Should this prove to be new, I would suggest the name of 

 R. (or C.) Ortonii. Of these species, S. earner ata, S. perplexa, and £. 

 Mormonii occur on the Tapajos in beds equivalent to the North American 

 Coal Measures, of which the same species with T. bovidens are characteristic. 

 I have endeavored to show {Bull. Cor. Univ., vol. i., part ii., p. 6) that the fos- 

 sils found in various Bolivian localities belong to the same division of the 

 Carboniferous age. The existence of a Carboniferous basin in Peru quite 

 widely removed from the Titicaca basin on the south, and from the Tapajos 

 basin on the east, is an exceedingly interesting point in South American ge- 

 ology." 



* Dr. Gait brought an Ammonite from the mouth of the Pichis on the 

 Pachitea (Upper Ucayali) which appears to be Cretaceous. It was probably 

 washed down from the south. 



