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LECTURE II. 



Method of investigation. — Mixed Types. — Average Man and Skull. — Use of 

 the French Metrical System. — Scherzer and Schwarz's System of Mea- 

 surement. — Craniometry. — Fixed Points in the Skull. — Choice of the 

 Thinnest Places. — Busk's System of Measurement. — Aeby's System. — 

 Horizontal and Vertical Planes.— Relation of the SkuU to the Face. — 

 Camper's Facial Angle. — Measui-ement of the Base and Vault of the 

 Cranium. — Welcker's System of Measurement. — Cranial Angle; Skull j 

 Net.— Von Baer's Nomenclature for Cranial Forms. — Coronal View: 

 Longheads, Medium Heads, and Short Heads. — Profile View: Pro- 

 gnathism and Orthognathism. — Anterior and Posterior View: Tower 

 Heads, Pyi-amidal Heads, and Roof Heads. — Scherzer - Schwarz's 

 Scheme. — Tables of Cranial Measui-ements after Vii-chow, Welcker, Von 

 Baer, and Busk. 



Gentlemen, — A proper method of investigation is frequently 

 of greater value than the investigation itself. This axiom emi- 

 nently applies to natural science. A fixed plan, which will 

 prevent digression and enable other inquirers to pursue the same 

 path, is of special value. In speaking therefore in this place 

 of the methods which ought to be followed in order to arrive at 

 any results in the study of the natural history of man^ I do so 

 under the firm conviction that only an insight into the 

 methods of investigation can enable us to estimate its re- 

 sults. We must, however, confess that it is only within a 

 very recent period that investigations on a proper system have 

 been commenced, and that some inquirers have agreed upon 

 uniformity of method. 



There can be no doubt that the object of our inquiry is sub- 

 ject to a variety of changes, resulting partly from individual 

 disposition, from the lapse of time and from external influ- 

 ences, so that every investigation has necessarily many defects, 

 arising from a variety of sources. The original disposition 

 which parents transmit to their offspring, varies extremely even 

 in children of the same father and mother — the more so the 



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