50 LECTURE II. 



the earliest origin of that city, is easily detected in the series 

 of skulls, including long-, short-, and middle-heads, the oldest 

 of which date from the time of the Carlovingians. The ex- 

 tension of the series may, in future measurements, afford a 

 standard for the degree of intermixture, and the confinement 

 of variation in size within narrow limits be regarded as 

 a proof of the purity of a stock. Taking the tables of 

 Welcker as a basis, and assuming the longitudinal diameter of 

 the skull = 100, the following results are obtained for the 

 various races : where the mean of the transverse diameter is 

 below 72, they may be termed long-heads ; where it exceeds 81, 

 short-heads ; where it varies between 74 and 81, middle-heads. 

 Setting aside the old Peruvians, among whom the heads of 

 children were artificially deformed, to such an extent that the 

 transversal diameter sometimes exceeded the longitudinal, 

 the series of decided hrachycephali includes the Lapps, Macas- 

 sars, Madurese, Bashkirs, Turks, and New-Italians ; among the 

 doUehocephah' , are comprehended the Nukahivans, Hindus, Es- 

 quimaux, Negroes, Australians, Kafiirs, Bushmen, and Hotten- 

 tots, who reach the highest standard of dolichocephaly, so that 

 one of the skulls measured exhibits the simian proportion of 63 

 for the transverse diameter. The series of mesaticepliali may 

 be arranged as follows, those with the shortest heads first, and 

 those with the longest heads last : Germans, Russians, Bug- 

 gese, Sumatrans, Calmucks, Javanese, French, Cossacks, Jews, 

 Gipsies, Moluccans, Indians, Chinese, Finns, ancient Greeks, 

 ancient Romans, Brazilians, Dutch. One might almost be led 

 to conclude from this table that the most favourable conditions 

 for civilisation are to be found in the intermediate position 

 between the two extremes, a conclusion which would be flat- 

 tering to the French, as they form nearly the centre of the 

 mesaticephali, just as they consider themselves as the centre 

 of civilisation. But we shall see in the sequel that there are 

 other conditions which exercise a definite influence. 



The LATERAL VIEW Or profile best exhibits a proportion 

 which may also be observed from above, namely, the relation 

 of the cranium to the face, and especially the projection or re- 

 trocession of the jaws. We have seen that the projection of 



