52 



LECTURE II. 



mouth the lower incisors are a little behind the superior, 

 whilst in the Negro they are rather in advance. This forma- 

 tioUj the orthognathous, has been accordingly distinguished 

 from the prognathous, and it has been observed generally 

 that this development of the jaws is in direct relation to the 

 intellectual capacity of a people, the prognathous being con- 

 fined to the lowest races of man. Welcker has subjected 

 this difference to measurement by taking the angle foi'med 

 at the root of the nose by the central line of the base of the 

 skull or the diagonal of the facial quadrangle, and the line 

 drawn from the root of the nose to the nasal spine as the 

 measure of the position of the jaws. 



Pig. 15. Ancient Helvetian skull, viewed from behind.* 



According to him, the following peoples are prognathous, 

 all the rest being orthognathous : Kaflirs, Australians, Ne- 

 groes, Bashkirs, Hindus, New Hollanders, Hollanders, Bra- 

 zilians, Cossacks, and Sumatrans. I must also add that 



* This skuU, which was discovered with Eoman antiquities near Geneva, 

 belongs undoubtedly to the Helvetian type. 



