73 



LECTURE III. 



Pictorial representations. — Ethnic portraits generally Caricatures. — Fhoto- 

 graphic Drawings. — Perspective delineations. — Geometrical Drawings 

 after Lucae. — Instruments required. — Casts. — Casts of the internal Cra- 

 nial surface. — Proportions. — Sexual differences in the formation of the 

 Cranium. — Examination of the Brain. — Weight. — Weight of the Brain 

 in relation to the body. — Estimation of the Cranial Capacity. — Method 

 and results. — Broca's researches on Parisian Skulls. — Increase of Cranial 

 Capacity in relation to Civilisation. 



GrENTLEMENj — Before proceeding to those investigations which 

 relate to the internal capacity of the cranium^ and to the 

 central organ of the nervous system^ I have to offer some 

 observations on pictorial and plastic representations, which, 

 in addition to descriptions and measurement, form essential 

 elements in instruction. Much discussion has recently taken 

 place as to the mode in which the skull should be portrayed, 

 and as the principles of cranial delineation apply to other 

 objects of natural history, a few words on this subject may not 

 be out of place. 



It cannot be denied that most ethnic delineations which 

 have recently appeared, whether of living men or of skulls, 

 have very little or no value. Many of the drawings from 

 living individuals are perfect caricatures unconsciously per- 

 petrated by the artist, since even the practised painter, in 

 order to give prominence to the individual resemblance, ex- 

 aggerates the features peculiar to the individual. These 

 features are frequently not those characteristic of the race, as 

 such ; often, too, just those features which belong to the race, 

 and which strike the painter, are too much exaggerated ; and 

 frequently the race peculiarities are suppressed in order per- 

 fectly to effect the resemblance to the individual. 



Independently of these disadvantages, the position in which 

 the head, or the cranium, is to be portrayed, is of special 



