LECTURE V. 129 



three segments, the frontal, the nasal, and the lower part of 

 the face, are nearly all of equal breadth, the forehead predo- 

 minating in the European. In other races the proportions 

 vary ; sometimes it is the nasal segment, sometimes the lower 

 facial segment which, receding or advancing, stamps a pecuHar 

 character upon the face. 



Just as the form of the orbits in the skull, so in the face, the 

 form, the size, and the position of the eye, and its appendages, 

 must be taken into consideration. As is well known, some 

 peoples, as the Chinese and Japanese, are distinguished by 

 the peculiarity of the aperture of the eye, the outer angle 

 of which has an obhque, upward direction. This character 

 is, by the artists of these peoples, exaggerated for the 

 purpose, as it seems, of exhibiting its beauty, as contrasted 

 with the red-haired barbarians. We should also pay attention 

 to the development of the third eyehd, which, in the white 

 races, is only indicated by the small fold in the internal angle 

 of the eye. This third eyelid is generally considerably larger 

 in mammals, though never developed into a perfect nictitating 

 membrane, as in birds. There is no doubt that in some tribes, 

 especially among Negroes and Australians, the nictitating 

 membrane is not smaller than in apes, so that these peoples 

 exhibit an approach to the animal type. In unmixed tribes, 

 the size of the cornea in proportion to the apple of the eye, 

 as well as the colour of the iris, are as characteristic as in the 

 various species of animals ; whilst intermixture produces essen- 

 tial differences in this respect, as well as regards the colour of 

 the hair. 



The size and shape of the nose equally presents, in unmixed 

 nations, characteristic peculiarities. In some cases, the nose 

 is prominent, straight, or curved ; in some, thick, bulbous ; 

 in others, broad, flat, like that of the ape. The position of 

 the nostrils varies accordingly. On viewing a Caucasian face 

 from below, the nostrils form two nearly rectangular tri- 

 angles, the hypotenuses of which are turned outwards ; whilst 

 the septum of the nose forms a perpendicular line common to 

 the two triangles. On taking a similar view of the Negro 

 face, the nostrils present only a transverse aperture, or the 



K 



