172 LECTURE VII. 



conception "man" to that of "ape"; but we compare two 

 well defined human types in order to determine the characters 

 which distinguish these typical organisms. We select for this 

 purpose the two extreme human types, namely, the Negro and 

 the German, and comparing them side by side, as regards all 

 their peculiarities, we may ascertain the degree of their differ- 

 ential character. The result thus obtained we shall in our 

 next lecture compare with what we may be able to deduce 

 from the comparison of two acknowledged simian types. It 

 will then be seen whether the sum of the differences existing 

 between two human races is greater or less than that obtain- 

 ing between two kinds of apes, the separation of which into 

 two species is recognised by all naturalists. It will also be 

 seen whether we mete by the same measure, by assuming in 

 apes a difference, and in man the unity of species. 



I know full well that this method will be objected to. You 

 select, it will be said, the Negi'o and the German, who, by 

 your own confession, stand at the extreme limits of the human 

 group, and you will probably select two species of apes which 

 are closely allied, belonging to the same genus and only sepa- 

 rated by some shght variations. We should not be surprised 

 if you find greater differences between Negro and German 

 than between the two apes. I reply to this : species is spe- 

 cies, and there is but one zoological science, the principles of 

 which must apply equally to man and ape, and what in one of 

 these types is called species must not in the other be called 

 race or variety. If, then, the differences between Negro and 

 German should be greater than those between the capuchin 

 ape, the cchus apella or the sajou, it would follow that either 

 the two human types must, like those of apes, belong to two 

 different species, or the two acknowledged different species 

 of apes must only form one species. 



Let us now proceed in our investigations. 



The Negro is on the average shorter than the German, the 

 mean length of his body being 64-63 inches. Six Negro 

 skeletons yielded as their mean length 160 centimetres ; whilst 

 as many European skeletons gave above 172 centimetres. 

 There are no doubt athletic forms occurring among Negroes, 



