LECTURE VII. 



179 



The arm by itself is perhaps somewhat longer than that of 

 the European ; still there are several Negro tribes, in which 

 the proportion of the total length to that of the arm is nearly the 

 same. But the proportion of the individual parts to each other 

 varies ; the humerus of the Negro is proportionately shorter, 

 the forearm proportionally longer than in the German. This 

 proportion is in the subjoined table apparent at once, and this, 

 as has long been observed, is a decided approach to the animal 

 type. The humerus exceeds, in all human races as well as in 

 the anthropoid apes, the bones of the forearm in length ; but 

 this predominance, which is greatest in the white race, dimi- 

 nishes in the black, and sinks still further in the anthropoid 

 apes. In the American apes the predominance is already 

 reversed, so that from the monkeys through the whole animal 

 kingdom the upper arm is shorter than the lower arm. Con- 

 nected with this is a greater leanness and a more equalised dis- 

 tribution of the muscular fibres, so that the rotundity of the 

 upper arm partly produced by the development of the biceps, 

 and the spindle-shape of the forearm, is not seen in the Negro, 

 both parts presenting in their whole length nearly the same 

 thickness.* 





Euro- 





Euro- 





Eiu-o- 





Euro- 





peans. 



Negroes. 



peans. 1 



Negroes. 



peaus. 2 



Negroes. 3 



peans. 



Humerus 



19-58 



19-54 



107-83 



The corre- 



100-2 



100 



100 



Radius 



14-78 



15-32 



103-87 



sponding ne- 



96-5 



78-7 



75-5 



Hand 



10-94 



11-58 



101-62 



gro limh is 



94-47 



59-3 



52-9 



Thigh (femur).. 



27-29 



27-94 



105-10 



everywhere 



97-68 



100 



100 



Leg (tibia) 



23-45 



23-80 



100-17 



adopted = 



96-43 



85-2 



82-5 



Foot 



14-51 



15-40 



102-04 



100. 



94-3 



54-8 



52-9 



' This series is calculated according to the absolute numbers of mea- 

 surement. 



2 This series is calculated according to the proportional numbers of the 

 first two columns. 



^ This series shows the proportions of the middle and terminal members 

 to the first member^ which is assumed = 100. 



* According to Aeby's measurements, the details of which are not yet 

 published, the individual races and peoples are not distinguished as regards 

 the proportions of the Umbs and their parts. The difference in length of 

 the foreai-m of the European and the Negro does not amount even to one 

 per cent., and even this slight difference may, perhaps, be reduced by further 

 and more extended measurements. 



n2 



