186 LECTURE VII. 



canal. The fat, as well as all fibrous and cellular tissues, the 

 periosteum, and tlie conjunctiva, have always a yellow colora- 

 tion. The mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, etc., are of 

 a cherry red, but the lips of a bluish colour. Excepting the 

 masseter, the aural and the laryngeal muscles, the development 

 of the other muscles is not proportioned to the weight of the 

 bones. In colour they are never so bright red as in the Euro- 

 pean, but rather yellowish or brownish. 



" The face of the Negro is flat and narrow, frequently 

 pointed downwards, whilst the cheek bones and the posterior 

 parts of the cheek covered by the masseters are prominent, so 

 that it seems as if the cheeks had been compressed in front. 

 The aperture of the eye is narrow, horizontal, and both eyes 

 are wide apart. From this depressed and wide nasal root 

 proceeds a broad, flat, upturned nose, the apertures of which 

 are so placed that viewed from below they seem to run parallel 

 with the aperture of the eyes. The ears are remarkably small, 

 the posterior margin much curved, the lobules small, but ap- 

 parently thick and cartilaginous. The superior part of the 

 face, with its retreating narrow forehead, low vei'tex, and pro- 

 minent orbital margins, resembles perhaps more the simian 

 face than the lower part with the projecting teeth, the white 

 even of which is the more marked from the contrast with the 

 brown or violet hps and the black face." 



I know well enough that the description of the Negro-type, 

 as here given, is that which, so to say, represents the purest 

 type, and that there are many Negro tribes in which some of 

 these characters are less distinct. Pruner-Bey summarises these 

 deviations as follows : — " We must admit," he says, " that the 

 inferior orbital margins are frequently narrow and retreating ; 

 that the nose becomes longer and more prominent ; that the 

 lips, turned up in some tribes, are only full in others; that pro- 

 gnathism diminishes, without however disappearing entirely, 

 that the aperture of the eye becomes wider; that the hair, 

 short and woolly in most, grows longer ; that the transverse 

 diameter of the chest becomes enlarged ; that even the pelvis, 

 though much more rarely, acquires more rounded outhnes; 

 that the limbs acquire more harmonious proportions ; that the 



