194 LECTDEE VII. 



changes than other species of animals transplanted to other 

 regions, and must, therefore, according to principles at present 

 prevalent, be looked upon as different species with permanent 

 types. The case is altered when viewed from a higher stand- 

 point, as we shall show in the sequel. 



With regard to the second question, an answer resting upon 

 satisfactory observations is as yet impossible. 



It is only a few years since the gorilla, of whose existence 

 no one knew, was discovered in the forests of Western Africa. 

 This is, as regards the form of the hands and feet, the most 

 anthropoid among the three great tailless apes; whilst as regards 

 the cranium and brain, it stands lower than the orang and the 

 chimpanzee. The possibility of finding apes which, as regards 

 cerebral and cranial structure, approach man as the gorilla in 

 the structure of the limbs, cannot be denied, but in the absence 

 of the fact it would be foolish to form any conclusions. It is less 

 probable that human races will be found which approach the 

 ape more than the lowest existing human races. The globe 

 has been too much explored to countenance such hopes. The 

 desire of society drives the savage from his hiding places, into 

 which the ape retreats. The ape avoids discovery, man seeks it. 



There may, however, have existed intermediate forms, which 

 in the lapse of time have become extinct. We shall have to 

 speak on this point when treating of petrifactions, the fossil 

 man, and the primitive condition of the human race, which 

 reaches further back than history, tradition, and mythology. 

 This much we may here observe, that fossil remains of monkeys 

 have been found, which at first were considered as belonging 

 to man; and that, on the other hand, a cranium has been 

 found in the Neander- Valley near Diisseldorf, which has more 

 of the simian type than any other known race-skull. But 

 though this is at present merely an indication, we may hope 

 that other discoveries will be made, the more so as it is only 

 within the last few years that Europe has been well explored. 



Where the normal form leaves us in the lurch as regards our 

 investigations, we have a right to avail ourselves of abnormal 

 forms, where we may reap a rich harvest. I do not hesitate to 

 uphold against Bischoff" and Wagner, and even against Johannes 



