214 LECTURE VIII. ■ 



than those obtaining between two races of mankind, and he 

 will arrive at the conclusion that the races of mankind must 

 either be considered as different species, or the species of apes 

 must be designated races. But what is to become of systematic 

 zoology, if the long and short-tailed species of apes, differing 

 so much in external form that they have even been divided 

 into genera, are to constitute only varieties or races ? All 

 systematic natural history would go to ruin, and all simiadee, 

 from the lowest ouistiti up to the gorilla, would be fused into 

 one whirlpool, which would swallow up man and all his races. 



But we must now pause before proceeding further. You 

 may justly complain that I have as yet given no definition of 

 species or genus, of race or variety, and that, therefore, you 

 are perfectly indifferent, whether the systemisers look upon wolf 

 and dog, ass and horse, Negro and White, as so many genera, 

 species, races or varieties, provided the analogies or differ- 

 ences are so well established as to enable us to distinguish the 

 respective animals. 



In some respects it might matter very little whether Negro 

 and Mongol are placed in the same chest labelled " Man;" for 

 the classification of the animal kingdom is nothing but an 

 arrangement of animals in chests, drawers, and pigeon-holes. 

 But the question acquires importance if by the expression 

 species we understand a permanent type with fixed limits, 

 which may admit of an ideal but not of a material relation to 

 other species. It is therefore of importance for us to establish 

 whether any particular form we meet with constitutes an 

 independant species or not. 



We can at first only examine such animal forms individu- 

 ally ; but the results we may obtain are insufficient, as each 

 individual has its own more or less marked pecuHarity. We 

 are therefore necessarily led, on the one hand, to search for the 

 sum of analogies, and on the other, for the differences, and 

 to infer from the results the degrees of affinity subsisting 

 between the individual beings. 



Nature points out such affinities. Family bonds exist as 

 much in the animal kingdom as in the human species, and are 

 frequently in the former stronger and more lasting than in the 



