LECTURE viri. 227 



progress, — an immense development, but nothing absolutely 

 new. 



" Finally, as regards the qualities of the heart, which partly 

 depend on instinct and partly on intelligence, we find their 

 manifestations in the animal as we find them in man. The 

 animal loves and hates ; it is known how greatly many of them 

 are attached to their young, and how strong is the instinctive 

 hatred with which some animals pursue each other. It is 

 known how the congenital faculties may be further developed 

 by training. We also find among our domestic animals indi- 

 vidual characters, as we find among men. We all know how 

 docile and goodnatured some dogs are, and how vicious and 

 irritable others. Man and brute resemble each other, perhaps, 

 most as regards character. 



" Where, then, shall we find this something new which is 

 absent in the animal and belongs exclusively to man, and 

 which would justify the establishment of a separate kingdom ? 

 In order to overcome this difficulty we shall follow the natur- 

 alist, and examine all the characters of the being to which we 

 are to assign a place. We have hitherto directed our attention 

 chiefly to the organic, physiological, and intellectual characters 

 of man ; we must now consider him in his moral aspect : 

 here we find two fundamental features which have, as yet, 

 escaped our notice. 



" We find in every society, possessing a language sufficiently 

 developed to express abstract ideas, words designating virtue 

 and vice, good and evil. Where language fails in this respect, 

 we find opinions and habits which plainly show that the 

 notions exist, though not expressed in the vocabulary. Even 

 among the most savage peoples and tribes to which, by 

 general consent, is assigned the lowest rank in humanity, we 

 see public or individual actions performed, which show that 

 man recognises something above what is physically good or 

 evil. Among nations farther advanced, the whole political 

 economy rests upon this basis. 



" The abstract idea of moral good and evil thus exists in 

 every human society ; nothing leads us to suppose that it also 

 exists in animals : here, then, we have the first character of 



q2 



