LECTURE VIII. 231 



his functions witli great dignity. The esteem which he enjoys 

 imparts a certain independence to his character which is want- 

 ing in the rest. He is moreover much flattered^ and the 

 females are anxious to grant him the highest favours. They 

 are very zealous to free his hairy garment from troublesome 

 parasites, and he receives this homage with the dignity of a 

 Pacha, whose favourite slave strokes his feet. On the other 

 hand, he watches carefully over the security of his subjects. 

 He surveys every corner ; he trusts no one, and so he is always 

 the first to discover any danger." 



We do not understand how far the difference between the 

 morality in this simian society, depending on the will of 

 the leader, and that of a horde of Australians, in which the 

 strongest equally lays down the law, is sufficiently important 

 to base upon it a new kingdom. Theoretical absolutism knows 

 no other morality than the will of the ruler. He makes the laws, 

 he establishes the faith, he determines the morality ; whoever 

 acts or teaches differently may be punished or killed. Does 

 the morality of an absolute theoretical despotism then greatly 

 differ from that prevailing- in a simian society. 



Thus this distinguishing category of Quatrefages cannot be 

 sustained. These two French authors have undertaken im- 

 possibilities — to find qualities without any material substratum. 

 Where the organisation is foi'med after the same type, the 

 qualities and functions resulting from it must exhibit the 

 same fundamental nnity. 



Before quitting this subject, I would, for the benefit of those 

 who wish to erect for man a special throne, quote the following 

 words of Wundt : — " Animals are creatures whose intelligence 

 differs from men only by the degree of development. There 

 exists between man and brute no wider gulf than is to be 

 found within the animal kingdom itself. All animated or- 

 ganisms form a chain of connected beings without an in- 

 terval. An antiquated psychology, with its great variety of 

 mental faculties, draws here and there lines of demarcation. 

 When we have succeeded in representing mental life as a 

 whole, we are bound to admit that everything animated forms 

 a part of the whole." 



