290 LECTURE X. 



least not demonstrated, it is plainly seen in England, and 

 may, therefore, serve for comparison with the discoveries 

 in Switzerland, where glacial formations play an important 

 part. I must also observe that in some beds in England, 

 in conjunction with the bones of the mammoth and the rhino- 

 ceros, have been found bones, not only those of the reindeer, 

 but also of the musk-ox ; and that remains of this animal, 

 which has now retired to Northern America, on the confines of 

 the Arctic region, have also been found in the old alluvium of 

 the Kreuzberg near BerHn, as well as in the valley of the Oise, 

 at Chauny in France — another proof of the retreat of the 

 diluvial Fauna to the north. 



Having thus treated of the remains found in caves and the 

 diluvium in Europe, which prove man to have been the con- 

 temporary of extinct animals, we may be permitted to cast a 

 glance at what has been done in other parts of the world. I 

 must here mention, in the first place, the BraziUan caves, 

 which have been so successfully explored by Dr. Lund. The 

 circumstances were almost entirely the same as in Europe. 

 There were the same deposits, the red ossiferous clay covered 

 with stalagmite, and the caves abounding with animal bones, 

 mostly belonging to species now extinct. But these extinct 

 species are as closely allied to those which at present exist in 

 South America, as the cave-bear and the cave-hygena is to the 

 now existing bear and hyaena. The peculiar character which 

 distinguishes the South American Fauna has been preserved. 

 There are marsupials, antbears, lamas, armadilloes, as they 

 still exist in South America. It is probable that when inves- 

 tigations shall be carried on by as many inquirers as is the 

 case in Europe, the list of these pecuhar species will be con- 

 siderably enlarged. Be this as it may, this much is certain, 

 that even in Brazil man was the contemporary of the extinct 

 animals, and that the human remains found by Lund were in 

 the same condition as those of the extinct animals. Unfortu- 

 nately Dr. Lund's crania have not, as far as I know, been 

 closely examined. According to one observer they possess the 

 type of the American skuUs, which, in my opinion, does not 

 amount to much, as a great many different types occur in 



