LECTURE X. 301 



" There is no valid reason for considering tlie enormous deve- 

 lopment of tlie frontal sinuses in the remarkable Neander skull 

 as an individual or pathological abnormity; it is unmistak- 

 ably a racial type, and stands in physiological connexion with 

 the strikinof thickness of the bones of the skeleton, exceeding- 

 by one-third their usual strength. This expansion of the 

 frontal sinuses, which are appendages to the respiratory organs, 

 indicates both strength and endurance in muscular activity, as 

 shown also by the development of all the ridges and processes 

 to which the muscles are attached. That large frontal sinuses 

 have this signification is confirmed by other observations. 

 Pallas distinguishes by this mark the wild from the tamed 

 horse. According to Cuvier, it distinguishes the fossil cave 

 bear from the living species ; according to Eoulin, the wild 

 boar from the domesticated hog, the chamois from the goat, 

 and, finally, the bony and muscular bulldog from all other 

 species of dogs. To determine the facial angle, which, accord- 

 ing to Owen, is in the large apes rendered difficult by the 

 projecting orbits, is in our skull rendered more so by the 

 absence of the nasal spine and the auditory meatus. But if 

 the horizontal plane be taken from the remaining portions 

 of the orbital plates, and the ascending line is made to touch 

 the surface of the frontal bone, behind the prominence of the 

 supraciliary ridges, the facial angle amounts to no more than 

 56°. Unfortunately, no portion of the facial bones, so import- 

 ant for determining the form and expression of the head, has 

 been preserved. The cranial capacity, compared with the great 

 strength of the corporeal structure, apparently indicates a 

 small cerebral development. The* skull holds nearly thirty-one 

 ounces of millet seed, and as from the proportion of the want- 

 ing bones six more ounces should be added, the contents of 

 the whole cranial cavity might be taken as thirty-seven ounces. 



'^'Tiedemann estimates the cranial capacity of Negros at forty, 

 thirty-eight, and thirty-five ounces of millet seed. The cranium 

 holds rather more than thirty-six ounces of water, which cor- 

 responds to a capacity of 1,033-24 cubic centimeters. Huschke 

 estimates the cranial capacity of a Negress at 1,127 cubic 

 centimeters ; that of an old Negro at 1,146 cubic centimeters. 



