336 LECTURE XII. 



there have been ti'aces found in the peat bogs, but not in the 

 kitchen-heaps. It is remarkable, that the reindeer, the elk, and 

 the hare, which no doubt then existed in Denmark, are also 

 • absent ; on the other hand, bones of the wolf, the fox, the lynx, 

 martin, the otter, the wild cat, the hedgehog, and the water-rat 

 are met with. The only domestic animal was the dog, a race 

 resembling the setter, the existence of which is also proved by 

 the circumstance that only the long bones of birds are found, 

 which these dogs usually reject. 



All tubular bones are broken, or split open lengthwise to get 

 at the marrow, and if the cavity, as in ruminants, is divided by 

 a septum, the blows are given on both sides. The marrowless 

 bones are unbroken, but gnawed, specially where they are 

 covered with cartilage. The teeth impressions are partly those 

 of dogs as well as of man. All animals seem to have served 

 for food ; for the bones of carnivora, and even of the dog, are 

 split like those of ruminants. The meat was either boiled or 

 roasted ; for in the kitchen-heaps are found stones of the size 

 of a closed fist, arranged so as to form a hearth about two 

 feet in diameter, around which coals and ashes are seen. There 

 are also pieces of coarse pottery, made by the hand ; the clay 

 is mixed with angular pebble fragments. There are also found 

 in these kitchenmiddens rude flint tools, hatchets, wedges, and 

 knives, the incisions of which can bo easily traced upon the 

 bones. It was at first believed that the people of these kitchen- 

 middens were ignorant of the mode of sharpening and pohshing 

 their implements, but as some well worked tools were found, 

 and the incisions upon the bones are so deep that they could 

 only have been made by sharp instruments, it is probable that 

 the people of that period only used the rude flints for opening 

 shells or breaking bones, considering their finer instruments 

 too valuable to be used for such a purpose. 



The turf moors of Denmark supplement the evidence derived 

 from the kitchenmiddens. Besides the meadow moors, in and 

 near the water basins of the valleys, and the high moors 

 scattered upon the plain formed of mosses, there are in 

 Denmark peculiar little forest moors (STiovmose), which fill up 

 deep hollows in the subjacent boulder formation. On the steep 



