LECTURE XIII. 373 



case of two old skulls found in a Waadtland (Vaud) grave, wliicli, 

 as may be inferred from the surrounding bones, belonged the one 

 to a male, tlie other to a female ; the male skull had remarkably 

 prominent supraciliary arches, whilst in the female skull the 

 forehead was quite smooth withoat prominent ridges. 



Mr. Busk has kindly sent me a list of the measurements of 

 twenty Danish skulls of the stone-period, with many other 

 perfectly exact drawings. Proceeding on the principle that 

 the female skull is smaller than the male skulls, I discarded 

 from the list as female skulls all such as exhibited the smallest 

 longitudinal diameter. I now compared the figures, and 

 found that those which I had put aside as female skulls had 

 smooth foreheads, whilst the male skulls possessed prominent 

 supraorbital ridges, some of them to such an extent, that 

 they might be placed side by side with the Neander skull, 

 whilst the skull marked by Busk as a female skull presented 

 no trace of any protuberance, and in the flattening of the 

 supracihary arches exceeds even the Engis skull. It is, more- 

 over, known that in monkeys, which are distinguished by the 

 size of the supraciliary arches, the latter are only developed 

 with advancing age, which is also the case in man. As 

 now the female skull always preserves a certain amount of 

 the characters of the child, so that the male skull, about 

 puberty, scarcely differs from the adult female skull, this cir- 

 cumstance is equally in favour of my view, according to which 

 the development of the supracihary arches ought not to be 

 considered as a race, — but as an individual and sexual cha- 

 racter. I must, however, qualify this assertion so far, that I do 

 not mean to insist that such an enormous projection of the 

 supraciliary arches as those in the Neander skull can occur in 

 all races. But wherever there exists in any race a tendency to 

 such a projection, it will only be met with in males, and per- 

 haps exceptionally in some masculine women, with a strongly 

 developed muscular system, but not in typical women. 



The second essential difference between the Engis and the 

 Neander skull consists in the arching of the forehead and the 

 roof of the cranium. The Neander skull is so flat, that it 

 might belong to an idiot; the Engis skull^ on the contrary. 



