LECTURE XIII. 395 



tions the circumstance that dog-bones are rarely found broken 

 for the sake of the marrow, as is the case with all other bones of 

 animals which served as food, and that most dog-skulls belonged 

 to old animals, whence he infers that only in case of necessity 

 were dogs eaten, and that they were allowed to live to an 

 advanced age. In the metal period, there appear, both in 

 Denmark and Switzerland, larger and stronger races of dogs, 

 approaching the wolf-dog or the bull-dog in their dentition, 

 rather than the marsh- dog ; and which certainly may have been 

 imported. The constancy of the characters of the marsh-dog, 

 the perfect conformation of its remains found in various places, 

 its specific difference from the wolf, fox, and jackal, support 

 the assertion that the great variety of canine races is not the 

 result of the transformation of a single species, but of the 

 intermixture of many different, but nearly alhed, species. 



Riitimeyer distinguishes two well characterised races of the 

 swine family of the stone-period. The proper wild hog {8^l,s 

 scrofa), the propagation of which has been checked by civilisa- 

 tion, but which then extended over all Europe, and the much 

 smaller animal, the marsh- or turf-hog {Sus palustris), which is 

 distinguished by various other characters, so that it must be 

 looked upon as a well marked distinct sjDCcies. The wild marsh- 

 hog had probably a more limited sphere than the wild hog proper, 

 for whilst the former has hitherto only been met with in Switzer- 

 land, remains of the latter are frequently found in the Danish 

 kitchen-middens. On the other hand, the Danish kitchen-mid- 

 dens contain no traces of the domestication of the swine, or 

 indeed, any other animal, excepting the turf-dog; nor have there 

 in some of the oldest stations of Switzerland, as at Wangen 

 and Mosseedorf, been found any bones of hogs bearing the 

 character of domestication. In stations of a later period, the 

 domesticated marsh-hog is met with, and though at first the 

 bones of the domesticated hog are less numerous than those of 

 the wild boar, the proportion is soon changed, showing that in 

 consequence of its great fecundity, which it shares with all 

 swine species, the breeding of the marsh-hog soon became of 

 essential importance to the pile-builders. Riitimeyer further con- 

 siders that as a wild animal, the marsh-hog had become extinct 



