LECTURE XV. 427 



literated at a later period than the posterior; the reverse 

 being the case in races incapable of high culture. We have 

 shown that, according to Broca, the Parisian skulls have, in 

 the course of centuries, acquired a greater internal cranial 

 capacity. We have further shown that the cave and stone- 

 period skulls are unfavourably distinguished by the indifferent 

 development of the frontal region. The height of the forehead 

 and the skull cannot, therefore, be adopted as a permanent 

 race character, since it may change in the course of time and 

 give to the profile a different aspect. Food, if appropriate, 

 may also have its influence, by rendering a people larger and 

 more muscular. The same characters which distinguish care- 

 fully-bred domestic animals from their parent stock, may also 

 be obtained in man by continued culture. There can be no 

 doubt that the prosperous and wealthy classes of human 

 society are, on the whole,, physically finer and stronger than 

 the lowest classes, who are much exposed to misery and want. 

 It is further unquestionable that those classes which, in succes- 

 sive generations, follow mental occupations, possess a greater 

 development of the skull than the ignorant masses who are 

 engaged in the meanest occupations. We should by no means 

 feel surprised to hear it established by comparative observa- 

 tions, that the squirearchy of the Mark Brandenburg, which 

 for centuries have had no other ambition than to wear the king's 

 livery, possess a smaller cranial capacity than the intelligent 

 Berliners. 



In the same way as culture, wealth, aliment, and particular 

 occupations may develope a cultured race from a natural race, so 

 may the deprivation of such influences reduce a cultured race 

 to its primary condition. Hunger and anxiety will do more, 

 by adding morbid characters, which may be transmitted through 

 several generations, until existence itself becomes endangered. 

 I shall cite for this purpose a remarkable instance of this kind, 

 which is quoted in the Dublin University Magazine : — 



" On the plantation of Ulster, and on the successes of the 

 British against the rebels in 1641 and 1689, multitudes of native 

 Irish were driven from Armagh and the south of Down into 

 the mountainous tract, extending from the Barony of the Flews 



